Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1r-100v: Winter Temporale and Sanctorale. 1r-24v, Advent 4 to Octave of Epiphany (8r, Christmas; 12v, Stephen); 25r, Hilary; 28r, Ferial Office; 41r, Conversion of Paul; 47r, Septuagesima; 53r, Ash Wednesday; 71r, Maundy Thursday; 76r, Easter; 85r, Ascension; 89r, Orientius; 92r, Georgius; 92v, Pontius; 93v, Pentecost; 96r, Sundays after Pentecost.Toledo 44.1, in its current state, begins with the end of the second responsory for the fourth Sunday of Advent. The first two folios have a portion torn away, leaving gaps in the index where some chants were lost. The end of the manuscript is also missing: it breaks off in the series of responsories for Tobit.
Ff. 100v-157v: Summer Sanctorale. 100v, Marcellinus and Peter; 113v, Sixtus; 115r, Laurence; 121, Arnulfus; 122v, Julianus; 130r, Quintinus; 130v, All Saints; 138r, Bricius; 151v, Saturninus; 154v, Octave of Saturninus.
Ff. 157v-174r: Common of Saints. 160r, Antiphons "ad Benedicite"; 169v, Common of Kings; 170v, Dedication of a Church. Ff. 174r-177v: Invitatory tones. Ff. 178r-178v: Beheading of John the Baptist. Ff. 178v-186v: Summer Histories.
Toledo 44.1 presents special problems to the indexer. The text is written by one main scribe whose understanding of Latin appears to have been less than perfect. In many places, the text does not make sense: for example, "t" is frequently omitted from verbs and added to other words, as in "Iba...furiat" for "Ibat...furia" (f. 41r). As far as possible, these scribal mistakes have been corrected; however, in some cases the Latin is so garbled that an intended reading could not be reconstructed.
In addition, rubrics are frequently unclear or omitted altogether. In most cases, the correct rubric can be determined from the context; but in cases where there is a series of incipits, the rubrics have had to be reconstructed through comparison with other similar manuscripts.
This manuscript has features which indicate that is has been compiled from more than one source. The resulting anthology of chants often has more items than are needed for each liturgical position. This feature is most apparent in the Ferial Office where as many as four antiphons may be presented for a single psalm.
The cursus of Toledo 44.1 is mixed. The Ferial Office is organized according to the cathedral cursus with no trace of the monastic cursus except for a few isolated chants. The Offices for St. Hilary and the Invention of Stephen are also clearly cathedral and several other Offices suggest the cathedral cursus. On the other hand, twenty-two Offices appear to be divided into nocturnes according to the monastic cursus. Pentecost has two Matins services--the first according to the cathedral cursus, the second according to the monastic cursus. All Saints' has three Offices, one of the cathedral cursus, one of the monastic cursus, and one which is not clear.
Each chant not found in CAO is assigned an arbitrary number prefixed by an "aqu". Since this manuscript shares a common Aquitanian tradition with Toledo 44.2, the chants not included in CAO that also occur in Toledo 44.2 are cross- referenced by "44.2" in the 131-column version of the index, but have a separate identification number (with the prefix "aqi" and a different number) in the index to Toledo 44.2.
Both manuscripts have Offices that are not found in CAO for Hilary of Poitiers (ff. 25r-27r); Saturninus, first bishop of Toulouse (ff. 151v-154r); responsories for Brice (ff. 138r-139r); and a numerical series of antiphons for the Beheading of John the Baptist (added at the end: ff. 178r-178v).
In addition, Toledo 44.1 contains Offices not included in CAO for Orientius (ff. 89r-91r) and the Octave of Saturninus (ff. 154v-155r). The Offices not included in CAO for Pontius (ff. 92r-93r), Sixtus (ff. 113v-115r), Arnulfus (ff. 121r-121v), and Quintinus (ff. 130r-130v) are not notated.
The differentiae are complete where they occur, but they appear
infrequently
and are usually added in a later hand. The differentiae are
labeled
with a letter in the left-hand column of the differentia field; this
letter
indicates the ending pitch of the differentia (ignoring
transposition).
When more than one differentia in a mode ends on the same pitch, the
second
and subsequent differentiae are indicated by a number after the
letter.
The tonus peregrinus is indicated by "P" in the right-hand
column
of the differentia field. These differentia names are applied to
the same "saeculorum amen" formulas in all of the Aquitanian sources
indexed by CANTUS (Paris, lat. 1090, Toledo 44.1, and Toledo 44.2),
hence there
may be
gaps in the numbering. Thus, differentia 1.D in the index for
Toledo
44.2 and differentia 1.D in Paris, lat. 1090 refer to identical
formulas.
(This naming system is not carried over to sources that are not
Aquitanian.)
In some cases, a lower-case letter appears in the "extra" field to the
right
of the differentia field. This indicates variations in the
differentia,
usually of neumation. These letters indicating variants refer
only
to one particular source, and (unlike the differentia names themselves)
are
not applied to the other Aquitanian sources to indicate the same
variant.
Selected Bibliography
Collamore, Lila. "Aquitanian Collections of Office Chants: a Comparative Survey." Ph.D. dissertation, The Catholic University of America, 2000.
________. "Toledo, Biblioteca Capitular, 44.1-Its Origin and Date." In Cantus Planus: Papers Read at the Tenth Meeting, Visegrád, Hungary, 29-31 August 2000. László Dobszay, ed. [forthcoming].
The computer file was prepared at The Catholic University of America by Lila Collamore and Keith Glaeske.
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Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1r-118v: Winter Temporale and Sanctorale. 1r-24v, First Sunday of Advent to Stephen (17v, Christmas); lacuna; 25r-32v, Holy Innocents to Epiphany; lacuna; 33r-36v, Ferial Office (Tuesday to Saturday); 37r- 39r, Hilary; 61v, Septuagesima; 68r-72v, Ash Wednesday through First Sunday of Lent; lacuna; 73r, Fourth Sunday of Lent; 85r, Maundy Thursday; 91v, Easter; 110v, Pentecost; 114v-118r, Trinity; lacuna.Toledo 44.2, dating from the end of the 11th century or the beginning of the 12th, is among the earliest Office manuscripts to contain melodies written in transcribable form. This manuscript shares distinctive liturgical elements with the Cluniac house of Moissac in Aquitaine. It also has features that indicate that it is a compilation, with the copyist working from more than one model.
Ff. 119r-172r: Summer Sanctorale. 119r, Paul; 121v, Mary Magdalene; 126v, Laurence; 129r, Assumption; 149v, Geraldus; 152v, All Saints; 161v, Saturninus; 169v, Antoninus.
Ff. 172v-189v: Common of Saints. Ff. 189v-192: Dedication of a Church. Ff. 193r-207v: Summer Histories. Ff. 207v-212v: Sundays after Pentecost. F. 212v: Antiphons "ad Benedicite" and "ad Nunc Dimittis." Ff. 213r-220: Invitatory Tones.
Toledo 44.2 contains several chants and Offices that are not recorded in Hesbert's Corpus Antiphonalium Officii. Each chant not found in CAO has been assigned an arbitrary number prefixed by "aqi". Since this manuscript shares a common Aquitanian tradition with Toledo 44.1, the chants not included in CAO that also occur in Toledo 44.1 are cross- referenced by "44.1" (in the 131-column version of the file), but have a separate "aqu"-number in the index to Toledo 44.1.
Both manuscripts have Offices not found in CAO for Hilary of Poitiers (ff. 37r-39r); Saturninus, first bishop of Toulouse (ff. 161v-164r); responsories for Brice (ff. 158r-158v); and a numerical series of antiphons for the Beheading of John the Baptist (ff. 134v-135r).
Toledo 44.2 also contains Offices not found in CAO for Geraldus of Aurillac (ff. 149v-152r); and Antoninus of Pamiers (ff. 169v-172r), which is added at the end of the sanctorale. Other chants not found in CAO include a series of Matins antiphons on the feast of Stephen (22v), several responsories for Mary Magdalene (ff. 121v-123v) as well as a series of Lauds antiphons for that same feast that are also found in Sarum. The hymn "Ad cenam agni providi" (f. 92r) is polyphonic.
The folios following 92, 100, and 118 are unnumbered; we have numbered these folios 92w (for recto) and 92x (for verso), etc., in order to preserve manuscript order when the index is sorted.
The differentiae are labeled with a letter in the left-hand column
of the
differentia field; this letter indicates the ending pitch of the
differentia
(ignoring transposition). When more than one differentia in a
mode
ends on the same pitch, the second and subsequent differentiae are
indicated
by a number after the letter. The tonus peregrinus is
indicated
by "P" in the right-hand column of the differentia field. These
differentia
names are applied to the same "saeculorum amen" formulas in all of the
Aquitanian
sources indexed by CANTUS (Paris, lat. 1090, Toledo 44.1, and Toledo
44.2),
hence there may be gaps in the numbering. Thus, differentia 1.D
in
the index for Toledo 44.2 and differentia 1.D in Paris, lat. 1090 refer
to
identical formulas. (This naming system is not carried over to
sources
that are not Aquitanian.)
In some cases, a lower-case letter appears in the "extra" field to the right of the differentia field. This indicates variations in the differentia, usually of neumation. These letters indicating variants refer only to one particular source, and (unlike the differentia names themselves) are not applied to the other Aquitanian sources to indicate the same variant.
Because many of the differentia formulas are incomplete, extra fields are employed to record additional information which clarifies the certainty with which the assignment of mode was made. (These extra fields are not included in the 83-column version of the file, but are included in the 131-column version.) The first extra field represents the number of syllables of "Saeculorum amen" for which musical notation is supplied. A letter may follow this number and records additional information as follows:
m The antiphon melody has been matched with one of known mode.The invitatory tones of this manuscript are numbered in the order in which they appear in the tonary at the end of the manuscript. Tones which are not in the tonary are assigned numbers preceded by "M". The CANTUS names of the invitatory tones are added in the extra field to the right of the differentia field. (Several of the tones in this manuscript are unique and do not have CANTUS names.)
x The antiphon has been cross-checked with another occurrence of the same chant where the mode is clear.
p The psalm-tone incipit is provided.
v The antiphon has a written-out verse which provides the psalm- tone for that mode.
Selected Bibliography
Collamore, Lila. "Aquitanian Collections of Office Chants: a Comparative Survey." Ph.D. dissertation, The Catholic University of America, 2000.
Olexy, Ronald T. The Responsories in the 11th-Century Aquitanian Antiphoner Toledo, Bibl. Cap. 44.2. Ph.D. diss., Catholic University of America, 1980.
Olexy, Ronald T. et al. An Aquitanian Antiphoner: Toledo, Biblioteca capitular, 44.2. With an introduction by Ruth Steiner. Ottawa: Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1992.
Steiner, Ruth. "Directions for Chant Research in the 1990s: The Impact of Chant Data Bases." Revista de Musicologia 16, no. 2 (1993), 697-705.
________. "The Twenty-two Invitatory Tones of the Manuscript Toledo, Biblioteca Capitular, 44.2." In Music in Performance and Society, pp. 59-79. Ed. by Malcolm Cole and John Koegel. Warren, MI: Harmonie Park Press, 1997.
The computer file was prepared at The Catholic University of America by Ronald T. Olexy, Joseph P. Metzinger, Lila Collamore, Keith Falconer, and Richard Rice.
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Antiphoners copied for Our Lady’s Church in Tongeren (Tongres), Belgium
in
the late 14th century. Both volumes are pars hiemalis.
Hufnagelschrift on a four-line staff. 496 x 345 mm.
Cathedral
cursus.
MS 63
Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1-5: Mary the Egyptian. Ff. 7-16: Invitatoriale.
Ff. 17-160: Winter Temporale: 17r, First Sunday of Advent; 43r, Christmas; 50v, Stephen; 55v, John the Evangelist; 60r, Holy Innocents; 78v, Epiphany; 86r, Ferial Office; 103r, Septuagesima; 112v Ash Wednesday; 134r, Passion Sunday; lacuna; 143r, Palm Sunday; lacuna; 147r, Holy Wednesday; 150r, Triduum; lacuna.
Ff. 163-233: Winter Sanctorale: 163r, Andrew; 167v, Barbara; 173r, Nicholas; lacuna; 181r, Conception; 184r, Judoc; 189v, Lucy; 191, Fabian and Sebastian; 195v, Agnes; 199v, Vincent; 204v, Conversion of Paul; 210r, Purification; 215v, Agatha; 220r, Peter’s Chair; 225r, Gertrude; 230r, Annunciation; lacuna.
Ff. 235-257: Commune. Ff. 257-261: Marian Office; lacuna. Ff. 272-297: Hymnal. Ff. 297v-298: Marian chants. Ff. 299-302: Maternus of Cologne.
MS 64
Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1-5: Mary the Egyptian; lacuna.
Ff. 7-147: Winter Temporale. 7r, First Sunday of Advent; 32v, Christmas; 38v, Stephen; 43v, John the Evangelist; 48r, Holy Innocents; 62v, Epiphany; 70r, Ferial Office; 87r, Septuagesima; 97r Ash Wednesday; 120r, Passion Sunday; lacuna; 134r, Palm Sunday; lacuna; 147r, Holy Wednesday; 136r, Triduum.
Ff. 156-218: Winter Sanctorale. lacuna; 156r, Barbara; 158v, Nicholas; lacuna; 164r, Conception; 169r, Judoc; 174r, Lucy; 175v, Fabian and Sebastian; 179v, Agnes; 183v, Vincent; 188v, Conversion of Paul; 194r, Purification; 199v, Agatha; 204r, Peter’s Chair; 209r, Gertrude; 214r, Annunciation.
Ff. 218-241: Commune. Ff. 241-49: Marian Office. Ff. 249v-253v: Tonary. lacuna. Ff. 258-282: Hymnal. F. 282v: Marian chants. Ff. 283-287: Maternus of Cologne.
Tongeren (close to Maastricht and Aachen) was an episcopal see until the 4th century, when the see was moved to Maastricht, probably under Bishop Servatius. In the 7th century it was moved to Liège.
The two volumes were written in the same hand and are largely identical in terms of content; they were perhaps intended for use by opposite sides of the choir.
In the ferial Office, there are a number of antiphons which end on the reciting tone of the psalm, as indicated in the differentia. For these antiphons, the letter-name of the final is included in the second column of the mode field. The mode number given in the first column is that associated with the differentia elsewhere in the manuscript.
Full invitatory tones are only found in the Invitatoriale of MS
63.
Elsewhere in the manuscripts, only incipits of tones are indicated, as
is
the standard practice. The incipits for CH and GR are
identical.
Throughout the indices of Tongeren 63 and 64, this incipit has been
labelled
CH when found with invitatory antiphons whose first musical phrase is
the
same as the end of the CH tone (i.e. only the antiphons used during
Christmas
and Epiphany, cao1055 and cao1054). All other instances of this
incipit
have been labelled GR.
All chants not found in CAO have been assigned an arbitrary number
prefixed
by "ton". Any non-CAO chants also found in Den Hagg, Koninklijke
Bibliotheek,
70 E 4 Fragmenta Tungrensia
are given the same identification numbers in the Tongres files, since
these
manuscripts all represent the liturgy of the same church.
Similarly,
the differentia codes used for Den Haag are consistent with those of
the
Tongres 63 and 64; the differentiae are labelled with a letter-number
combination
(the letter indicates the final pitch of the differentia, and the
number
is arbitrarily assigned).
For the most part, marginalia in later hands have not been entered
into
the indices. However, included are a few additions in hands
approximating
the gothic style of the original layer of scribal activity. Such
entries
are marked in the “Marginalia” column according to the guidelines
specified
in the File Description.
Selected Bibliography
Corswarem, P. de. De liturgische boeken der kollegiale kerk van O.L.Vr. van Tongeren voor het Concilie van Trente (Gent 1923). [In this source, the old shelf-numbers of these manuscripts are used; ms 63: olim nr 4, pp. 55-58; ms 64: olim nr 5, pp. 55-59.]
The computer file was prepared by Ike de Loos (Utrecht University) with editorial assistance by Andrew Mitchell (The University of Western Ontario).
Go back to Manuscript ListLiturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1-377: Temporale. 1r, First Sunday of Advent; 70r, Christmas; 101v-102v, Epiphany; lacuna; 103r, Epiphany; 124v, Ferial Office; lacuna; 125r, Ferial Office (Sunday); 167v-176v, Septuagesima to Sexagesima; lacuna; 177r-180v, Sexagesima; lacuna; 181r, Sexagesima; 194r-224v, Ash Wednesday to Friday in Second Week of Lent; lacuna; 225r, Saturday in Second Week of Lent; lacuna; 226r-238v, Third through Fourth Sundays of Lent; 240r, Fourth Sunday of Lent; 279r-298r, Maundy Thursday to Holy Saturday; lacuna; 298x, Holy Saturday; 299r-305v, Easter to Easter Monday; lacuna; 309r, Easter Saturday; 364v, Pentecost.Tours 149 corresponds quite closely in its organization and selection of chants to the Notre Dame breviary (F-PN lat. 15181). However, its sanctorale is quite limited: the only unusual Offices are for the church's patron, St. Martin. The commemoration of the return of his relics after the Danish invasion (Relatio S. Martini, 402r) appears to have been celebrated on December 14. The antiphons sung in Matins for this feast, however, belong to the "standard" series rather than the "new" series composed by Odo of Cluny (see Fickett below). The latter may have been reserved for Martin's Nativity (November 11) or the Translation of his relics (July 4), not included in this volume.
Ff. 378-540: Sanctorale. 378r, Andrew; 402r, the Return of Martin's relics; 413r, Stephen; 441r, special Memorial Office for Martin; 480v, Purification; 503v, Annunciation.
Ff. 541-550: Common of Saints (fragmentary). 541r, Apostles [complete]; 548r, One Martyr [Vespers only]; lacuna; 549r, One Confessor [partial Matins only]; lacuna; 550r, One Confessor also Bishop [partial Matins only]).
Ff. 551-572: completely blank. Ff. 573-582r: complete texts of some Canticles (573r, Exodus 15: 16-19 [end only] and Habakkuk 3: 2-19; 574r, Deuteronomy 32: 1-48; 576r, Benedicite; 577r, Magnificat and Nunc dimittis) and Prayers (577r, Te deum; 578r, Athanasian creed; 579r, Litany). Ff. 582v-592v: Memorials (prayers and chant texts without music) observed throughout the liturgical year, organized by weekday, and text for Martin beginning "Summe sacerdos et vere pontifex" (589r).
Another set of chants (Suff. S. Martini, 441r) was intended to be sung on some days, from the Octave of Epiphany until Septuagesima, as a memorial to Martin. The final sanctoral feast in the manuscript (Subventio S. Martini, 531r) appears to have been celebrated on May 12 in remembrance of the concealment of his relics during the Danish invasion.
Half of the manuscript's ten prosulae may also be found in F-PN lat. 15181 ("Fac deus munda," "Familiam custodi," and "Facinora nostra" for the responsory "Descendit de caelis" [cao6411], 78v-79r; "Inviolata integra" for "Gaude Maria virgo" [cao6759], 487v; "Sospitati dedit" for "Ex ejus tumbae" [cao6679], 394v). In addition, "Inviolata integra" has been transposed to end on F instead of C and appended to a responsory in mode 1, "In patre manet" (cao6922), 90v. The end of this prosula is actually the final section of the respond of cao6759 and it is included in both cases. cao6411 is ornamented with an unusual prosula on the Octave of Christmas, "Amplexus parietem," 92v. Other unusual prosulae occur on ff. 68v, 89r, and 467r.
Some of the manuscript's differentiae are notated in variant forms, necessitating their identification by a system of numbers and letters (for main differentia group and variant group, respectively). Some variants are minor, being no more than the adding of an identical final pitch to accommodate an extra syllable; others, for example in mode 2, are more substantial.
Distinctive features of the antiphons for the ferial Office in this source led Dom Jean Claire to include references to it (under the siglum TUR[onense]) in his study of Latin liturgical chant before the introduction of the eight-mode system (see below). According to Dom Claire, the church of St. Martin in Tours was "celebre par sa fidelite aux vieux usages liturgiques" (p. 18). Of particular interest are the Tours antiphons that use Claire's "timbres" L and N: they end on B but are assigned a differentia that is associated with mode 8. Question marks in the index signify uncertainty in the assignment of mode and/or differentia.
In a paper presented on November 9, 1985, at the Annual Meeting of the American Musicological Society in Vancouver, Jeremy Noble identified this source as one of those he had found to contain the melody for the Epiphany Genealogy "Factum est autem" in the form in which Josquin quotes it in his polyphonic setting of this text. This led him to suggest that "both of Josquin's genealogy motets may have been composed for the French royal chapel to sing at St. Martin's some time during the late 1470's, though not in the same year." (Prof. Noble's paper, "The Genealogies of Christ and Their Musical Settings," remains unpublished.) It is interesting to examine the various arrangements of the two weeks before Christmas (ff. 36v-41r) that differ according to the day of the week on which Christmas is celebrated. When the music is notated for the celebration of Lauds during this time (ff. 47v-53v), the absence of rubrics specific to any day require the indexer to select one of the arrangements described above. The first seems the best (ff. 36v-37v), with Christmas on a Monday, because it is the same arrangement in which the music for the Christmas vigil is given (ff. 65v-70r), that is, with Christmas vigil combined with the fourth Sunday of Advent.
The church of St. Martin in Tours is mentioned by name in certain rubrics (ff. 1r, 377v, and 582v). The illumination of major initials is lavish for the first Matins responsories of important feasts, including some apparently unrelated scenes in the bottom margin (ff. 72r, 389v, 414r, and 482r). These interesting works of art (for example, among those that survive, a man and woman kneeling in prayer on 389v, a crane- like bird on 482r) seem unfortunately to have been the target of many of the mutilations that the manuscript has suffered (bottom sections of folios torn away: ff. 2, 102, 125, 213, 252, and 264; entire folios missing: between ff. 102-103, 176-177, and f. 239, apparently removed after the folios of the manuscript were numbered). There is also a leaf between ff. 298 and 299 that appears to have been glued to f. 298; only those folios that remain visible (ff. 298r and 298x) were indexed.
All chants not found in CAO are assigned arbitrary numbers prefixed by an "tou".
Selected Bibliography
Claire, Jean. "Les repertoires liturgiques latins avant l'octoechos: I. L'Office ferial romano-franc." Etudes gregoriennes 15 (1975): 5-192.
Fickett, Martha V. Chants for the Feast of St. Martin of Tours. Ph.D. diss., The Catholic University of America, 1983.
________. "Matins Antiphons for St. Martin's Feast: A 'New' Series by Odo of Cluny." Paper read at a meeting of the Capital Chapter of the American Musicological Society, March 26, 1994.
The computer file was prepared at The Catholic University of America by Charles T. Downey.
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Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1-4: Section of folios added to main body of the manuscript, containing six sequences for various feasts and beginning of Advent.Most of the manuscript's differentiae appear in two or three slightly different forms, indicated in the index by minuscule letters following the main differentia number. Much of the second ("b") layer of differentiae has been added by a second hand which obscured the neumatic differentiae (in the original sections of the manuscript) with differentiae notated on small marginal staves (ff. 162v-164r, 167v-173v, 176r-178r, 179r-181r, 183v-186v, 208r-228r). The differentiae in the sections added to the manuscript (usually included in the main body of each page rather than in the margin) also conform most often to the second layer, but occasionally are entirely different.
Ff. 5r-97r: Winter Temporale and Sanctorale. 5r, First Sunday of Advent; 20v, Christmas; 25r, Stephen; 38r, Epiphany; 43v, Ferial Office; 50v, Third Sunday after Epiphany; 51r, Fabian and Sebastian; 68v, Ash Wednesday; 91v, Maundy Thursday.
Ff. 97r-208r: Easter Temporale and Sanctorale. 97r, Easter; 109v, Philip and James; 115v, Pentecost Sunday. FF. 120v-208r: Summer Histories and corresponding Sanctorale. 120v, Kings; 123r, Antiphons "ad Benedicite"; 124r, John the Baptist; 126v, Translation of Lebuin; 129v, Peter; 133v, Translation of Martin; 135v, Mary Magdalene; 135v, beginning of Wisdom.
Ff. 136-151: Section of folios inserted into the manuscript. 136r, Corpus Christi; 141r, some Mass chants; 142r, Gregory; 144r, Servatius; 146v, Mary Magdalene; 149v, Immaculate Conception.
Original layer of the manuscript continues: 152r, Wisdom; 153v, Peter in Chains; 159r, Assumption; 162r, Symphorianus; 162v, Beheading of John the Baptist; 164r, Job; 167r, Dedication of Western Altar; 167r, Nativity of Mary; 169v, Cornelius and Cyprian; 171r, Lambert; 173v, Tobias, Judith, and Esther; 176r, Dedication of a Church (22. September); 179r, Michael; 181v, Maccabees; 183v, Remigius; 186v, Denis; 187v, Gereon and Companions; 189v, All Saints; 192r, Prophets; 194r, Willibrord; 196v, Martin; 200v, Caecilia; 203r, Andrew; 205v, Nicholas.
Ff. 208r-222r: Common of Saints (220r, special Common of Virgins). Ff. 222v-228r: Sundays after Pentecost. Ff. 228v-233v: Sections of various theoretical treatises (Guido's Micrologus, Chapters 12-13; Pseudo-Guido's Prologus in Antiphonarium, almost complete; Regino of Pruem's Tonarius, first section; Odo's Dialogus, interspersed with a partially notated tonary, ascribed to Berno, of Mass and Office chants).
Ff. 234-256: Section of folios appended to the manuscript. 234r, Catherine of Alexandria; 238r, Transfiguration (copied twice, also on 248r-251v); 243r, Visitation of Mary; 251v, Adrian.
Several unusual Offices are found in both the original and added sections of the manuscript. Some have been edited in Analecta hymnica, such as Lambert (26: 230-33), Catherine of Alexandria (26: 212-15), the Visitation (attributed to Cardinal Adam Easton, 24: 89-92), and Adrian (25: 18-21). The Office for Servatius (Bishop of Tongres) in Utrecht 406 is a more complete version of the one edited in Analecta hymnica vol. 5, pp. 214-16. Sections of the added Office for Mary Magdalene (146v), not found in Analecta hymnica, also occur in several other manuscripts indexed by CANTUS.
Another Office not in Analecta hymnica, for Cornelius and Cyprian, may also be found in Cambrai 38. The Office for Corpus Christi (attributed to Thomas Aquinas) was not edited in Analecta hymnica but occurs in other CANTUS manuscripts. The Translation of Lebuin (or Liafwine, the English missionary to the Saxons of the Netherlands), the Translation of Martin, Remigius (Bishop of Rheims), Gereon and Companions (martyrs, supposedly at Cologne), Willibrord (Bishop of Utrecht), and the Transfiguration are not in Analecta hymnica , Andrew Hughes's Late Medieval Liturgical Offices, or in other CANTUS files. The literary texts for the Offices for Lebuin and Martin are drawn from sermons of Ratbod, a former bishop of Utrecht.
In addition to the six sequences notated on ff. 1-4, Utrecht 406 includes several other Mass chants, either complete or in incipit, most on added folios. The introits for the midnight and dawn Masses of Christmas are indicated by incipit ("Dominus dixit," 23v; and "Lux fulgebit," 24r). The alleluia with verse, sequence, and offertory for Corpus Christi have been included on ff. 139-140. For Immaculate Conception (151r), the introit, offertory, and communion have been notated in full, and the gradual and alleluia in incipit.
There are also some Mass Ordinary chants (Sanctus, 141r; Kyrie melodies, 141v; troped Sanctus and Agnus Dei, 237v). The troped responsory verse and doxology found on f. 39v is discussed in Helma Hofmann-Brandt, Die Tropen zu den Responsorien des Officiums, 2 vols. (Diss., Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet, Erlangen, 1971), 1: 123-25.
Manuscripts from this region of Europe have been described as transitional sources, often having both eastern and western characteristics. For example, some antiphon texts in Utrecht 406 are included twice, with different melodies: "Ecce Maria genuit nobis" (cao2523), 35v and 36v; "Stephanus servus dei quem" (cao5027), 37r and 37v; "Egressus Jesus secessit" (cao2620), both on 74v; "Surrexit dominus de sepulcro" (cao5079), 101r and 101v; "Iterum autem videbo vos" (cao3465), both on 106r; and "Attendite a falsis prophetis" (cao1511), both on 224r. Some responsories in Utrecht 406 have two different verses--on a feast and its octave, for example--sometimes with both a standard and non-standard verse formula: "Centum quadraginta quattuor" (cao6273), 33r and 38r; "In medio ecclesiae aperuit os" (cao6913), 30r and 38r; and "Quem vidistis pastores dicite" (cao7470), 22v and 36r.
We would like to acknowledge the help of the offerings of the Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum, which made the identification of the manuscript's music-theoretical excerpts (ff. 228v-233v) possible in less than one hour. The TML can be accessed at http://www.music.indiana.edu/tml/. More detailed information about this section of the manuscript may be found in one of the RISM volumes covering music-theoretical sources (see below).
All chants not found in CAO are assigned arbitrary numbers prefixed by "utr".
Selected Bibliography
de Loos, Ike. Antifonale Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek 406. M.A. thesis, University of Leiden, 1986.
________. "Der neumenbuchstabe S als chromatisches Zeichen im Antiphonale Utrecht, Universitaetsbibliothek 406, aus dem 12. Jahrhundert." Tijdschrift van de KoninklijkeVereniging voor Nederlandse Muziek Geschiedenis 31 (1989): pp. 5-27.
________. Utrecht, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, MS 406 (3.J.7). Ottawa: The Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1997. [Facsimile reproduction of the manuscript with CANTUS-derived index.]
________. "The Transmission of the responsoria prolixa according to the Manuscripts of St. Mary's Church Utrecht." Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziek Geschiedenis 41 (1999): pp. 5-31.
Downey, Charles. An Utrecht Antiphoner: Utrecht, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit 406 (3.J.7). Ottawa: The Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1997.
Handschriften en Oude Drukken van de Utrechtse Universiteits- bibliotheek, pp. 143-44. Utrecht: Universiteitsbibliotheek, 1984.
Hughes, Andrew. Late Medieval Liturgical Offices: Resources for Electronic Research. Subsidia Mediaevalia, 23. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1994.
Smits van Waesberghe, Joseph, et al., eds. Repertoire International des Sources Musicales. Series B, no. 3, The Theory of Music, from the Carolingian Era up to 1400, 1: pp. 137-39. Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 1961.
van der Horst, Koert. Illuminated and Decorated Medieval Manuscripts in the University Library, Utrecht: An Illustrated Catalogue, 4. Maarssen's-Gravenhage: Gary Schwartz, 1989.
The computer file was prepared at The Catholic University of America by Charles Downey.
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Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1-98v: Temporale. 1r, First Sunday of Advent; 13r, Christmas; 16r, Stephen; 30r, Ferial Office; 37r, Septuagesima; 41v, Ash Wednesday; 58r, Maundy Thursday; 63r, Easter; 76r, Ascension; 79r, Pentecost; 82r, Trinity; 84v, Summer Histories; 95r, Sundays after Pentecost.Valenciennes 114 contains several Offices that are not found in CAO, in other sources indexed by CANTUS to date, nor have they been edited in Analecta hymnica: these include Offices for Amandus and Cyricus (as well as seperate Offices for the Octaves of their feasts), and Ursula and the Eleven Thousand Virgins. The Office for Catherine has been edited in Analecta hymnica vol. 26, pp. 197-204.
Ff. 98v-172r: Sanctorale. 98v, Andrew; 103v, Nicasius; 112r, Conversion of Paul; 118r, Amandus; 120v, Octave of Amandus; 123v, Gregory; 129r, Rictrudis; 130r, Cyricus; 132v, Octave of Cyricus; 139v, Mary Magdalene; 142r, Laurence; 158r, Ursula and the Eleven Thousand Virgins; 159v, Dedication of a Church; 162r, All Saints; 169v, Catherine; 171v, George.
Ff. 172v-188r: Common of Saints (172v, Common of Evangelists). Ff. 188r-189v: Office for the Dead. Ff. 189v-191v: Invitatory Tones.
Differentiae are numbered arbitrarily; all chants not found in CAO are assigned an arbitrary number, prefixed by "sam".
The computer file was prepared at The Catholic University of America by Charles Downey, Denise Gallo, Keith Glaeske, and Lila Collamore.
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Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1-84: Winter Temporale and Sanctorale. 1r, Christmas; 5v, Stephen; 24v, Ferial Office; 38r, Purification; 43v, Dorothy; 47r, Gregory; 49v, Annunciation; 58v, Ash Wednesday; 81r-81v, Tuesday of Holy Week; lacuna; 82r-84v, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday; lacuna.The texts of a number of unusual Offices not recorded in Hesbert's Corpus Antiphonalium Officii have already been edited in Analecta Hymnica: Dorothy (vol. 5, 56); Margaret (vol. 28, 3); Eustace (vol. 26, 15); Elizabeth of Hungary (vol. 25, 90); Catherine (vol. 26, 69); Martha (vol. 28, 45); Barbara (vol. 25, 121); Immaculate Conception (vol. 5, 47); Juliana (vol. 26, 184); Anne (vol. 5, 110); Holy Lance (vol. 5, 35); Acacius and Companions (vol. 5, 91). Many texts are not included in Analecta Hymnica, including Corpus Christi (the version attributed to Thomas Aquinas), Augustine, the Beheading of John the Baptist, the 11,000 Virgins, and Thomas the Apostle. Of these five Offices, only that for Corpus Christi may be found in Hughes, LMLO. Each chant not found in CAO is assigned an arbitrary number prefixed by "vor".
Ff. 85-224: Summer Temporale and Sanctorale. 85r-99r, Easter- tide (beginning with Wednesday after Easter); 103v, Ascension (lacuna in Matins); 114r, Corpus Christi; 119r, John the Baptist; 132r, Margaret; 135v, Mary Magdalene; 145v, Afra; 154v, Assumption (lacuna in Matins); 159v, Augustine; 164v, Beheading of John the Baptist; 182v, 11,000 Virgins; 185v, All Saints; 188r, Eustace (six leaves inserted before present foliation); 198r, Elizabeth of Hungary; 206v, Catherine; 219v, Thomas the Apostle.
Ff. 224r-240v: Common of Saints. Ff. 241-245r: Dedication of a Church. Ff. 245r-268r: Summer Histories. Ff. 268r-276r: Sundays after Pentecost. Ff. 276r-284v: Invitatory Tones. Ff. 288r-290v: Antiphons from Canticum Canticorum (cf. 158r-159v and 172v-173v).
Ff. 291-338: Added Sanctorale. 291r, Vitus; 291v, Transfiguration; 292r, Kunegund; 294r, Rupert; 296v, Martha; 300r, Barbara; 305r, Immaculate Conception; 312r, Juliana; 317r, Anne; 321r, Mary Magdalene; 325r, the Holy Lance; 331r, Acacius and Companions. F. 339, added leaf from related neumatic antiphoner.
Two special items in the manuscript are of interest but were not indexed in our file: the tonary, with antiphons whose melismas outline each of the eight modes (ff. 285v-286v); canticle tones which have been notated to the first verse of both Magnificat and Benedictus canticles, in all eight modes (ff. 286v-288r).
In addition to Mass Alleluias in second Vespers in Easter week, the manuscript includes Alleluias for Barbara (304v01), Immaculate Conception (310v02), Anne (320r01), and Acacius and Companions (336r03). That for Barbara ("Alleluia O beata Barbara deo") was transcribed from Vorau 287 in Karlheinz Schlager, ed., Alleluia-Melodien, 2 vols., Monumenta Monodica Medii Aevi 7-8 (Kassel: Baerenreiter, 1968, 1987), 2: 301. There are also three sequences, for Immaculate Conception ("O consolatrix pauperum," 310v03), Anne ("Caeli regem attollamus," 319v01), and a non-specific Marian sequence ("Gaude virgo gratiosa", 320v06).
Some paleographical details of the manuscript posed problems for the indexers. The numerous errors of the text scribe--insertions, omissions, wrong words--have been carefully corrected in marginal and interlinear annotations, apparently by the music scribe. In cases that affected the incipit to be recorded in the file, the text was always entered with these corrections. The system of differentiae also appears to have been implemented by at least two scribes, either contemporaneously or at different times. Nearly all differentiae listed in the tonary occur throughout the manuscript in two to five variations (some are found only in the tonary). Two-digit differentia numbers reflect this problem: an Arabic number indicates the basic differentia with a lower case letter for the variation (if no variation was observed, only an Arabic number was used).
Selected Bibliography
Dobszay, Laszlo ed. Corpus Antiphonalium Officii Ecclesiarum Centralis Europae. Vol. I/A, "Salzburg (Temporale)". Budapest: Institute for Musicology, 1990. The CAO-ECE index of the Salzburg Sanctorale has not yet been released.
Hughes, Andrew. Late Medieval Liturgical Offices: Resources for Electronic Research. Subsidia Mediaevalia, 23. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1994.
The computer file was prepared at The Catholic University of America by Charles Downey and Joseph Metzinger.
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C-11 and C-10 contain the Matins and Lauds for winter and summer respectively, while D-4 records mainly the Vespers Offices for the entire liturgical year. Although C-11 is arranged in liturgical order, the sanctorale in C-10 is not; moreover, many saints' Offices in C-10 are split: after the chants for Matins, a cue indicates where the antiphons for Lauds may be found later in the manuscript. In addition to the repeated Common of Saints in C-11 and C-10 and some other overlaps, there are numerous cross-references between the volumes. [See the Addendum field for indications of these overlaps for chants which are not included in CAO.] There are eleven lines on each side of Laon-Gothic notation on four-line staves with F and C clefs. The liturgy follows the diocesan Office of Passau.
Owing to their late date, C-11, C-10 and D-4 contain many Offices not surveyed in CAO. Some of these are edited in Analecta hymnica: the Holy Lance (vol. 5, pp. 35-6); Dorothy (vol. 5, pp.163-5); Kunegunde (vol. 26, pp. 224-7); Servatius (vol. 5, pp. 214-6); Acacius (vol. 5, pp. 91-3); Visitation (vol. 24, pp. 89-91); Margaret (vol. 28, pp. 17-20); James (vol. 26, pp. 124-6); Anna (vol. 5, pp. 110-2); Aegidius (vol. 25, pp. 22-4); Jerome (vol. 26, pp. 105-7); Francis of Assisi (vol. 5, pp. 175-9); Coloman (vol. 13, pp. 95-8); Hedwig (vol. 26, pp. 79-83); Martha (vol. 28, pp. 45-7); Ursula (vol. 5, pp. 238-41); Elizabeth (vol. 25, pp. 253-8); Presentation (vol. 24, pp. 76-80); Catherine (vol. 26, pp. 197-204); Barbara (vol. 25, pp. 116-21); Conception (vol. 5, pp. 47-50); Judocus (vol. 26, pp. 142-6) and Thomas Becket (vol. 13, pp. 238-42).
The dates for several of the liturgical occasions in the Kirnberg manuscripts are known to have differed from the standard dates in the CANTUS table of liturgical occasions owing to local traditions within the Diocese of Passau. Although the "liturgical occasion codes" have been entered into the indices in order that searches or comparisons on that field will return the appropriate data, the local feast dates are provided here:
Severinus - Jan. 4 (not Jan. 5)
Godehard - May 4 (not May 5)
Hedwig - Oct. 15 (not Oct. 16)
Martha - Oct. 17 (not July 29)
Margaret - July 12 (not July 20)
Transfiguration - Aug. 26 (not Aug. 6)
Differentiae are identified by a combination of letters and numbers: the letter indicates the final note of the differentia, and the number is assigned to distinguish between differentiae with the same final within each mode; the same system identifies differentiae in all three indices. All chants not found in CAO are assigned arbitrary numbers prefixed by a "kir"; those overlapped between the sources have been cross-referenced by adding "C-11", "C-10", and/or "D-4" in the last field of the 131-column version of the files.
Selected Bibliography
Kam, Lap Kwan. "Codex Kirnberg C-11 des Diözesanarchivs Wien: Ein Passauisches Antiphonar (Winterteil) aus dem 15. Jahrhundert mit angefuehrtem CANTUS-Index." M. Phil. thesis, University of Vienna, 1996.
Lackner, Franz, in collaboration with Alois Haidinger. Katalog der Streubestände in Wien und Niederösterreich. Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Schrift- und Buchwesen des Mittelalters, series 2, vol. 5/1. Vienna: Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, in press.
Weissensteiner, Johann. "Wien 50: Kirnberger Bibliothek der Wiener Dompropstei." In Handbuch der historischen Buchbestände in Österreich. Publ. by the Österreichschen Nationalbibliothek under the direction of Helmut W. Lang. Vol. 2, _Wien_, pt. 2, ed. by Wilma Buchinger and Konstanze Mittendorfer . Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann, 1995, pp. 121-123.
The computer files were prepared by Lap Kwan Kam (C-11, D-4 and the revision of C-10) and Mu-Kuei Ho (C-10). Editorial assistance was provided by Keith Glaeske (C-11 and C-10) and Debra Lacoste (D-4 and the revision of C-11 and C-10).
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Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 1a-e: Epistola S. Bernardi De revisione cantus Cisterciensis, et Tractatus cantum quem Cisterciensis Ordinis ecclesiae cantare.The foliation for this file follows that given by a modern hand in the top right corner of the recto sides of the folios. This foliation begins in the manuscript with the chants for Advent. In the manuscript, the 102nd folio is labelled 101a, and the remaining folios are numbered 102, 103 etc. For sorting purposes, folio 101a is designated 101w in the index and its verso side, 101x. The subsequent folios are numbered as in the manuscript.
Ff. 1r-111r: Temporale. 1r, Advent; 16v, Christmas; 24r, Epiphany; 30r, Ferial Office; 39v, Septuagesima; 44v, Lent; 71v, Easter; 80v, Ascension; 84, Pentecost; 98r, Trinity; 92v, Summer Histories.
Ff. 110r-185v: Sanctorale. 110r, Stephen; 112v, John the Evangelist; 115r, Holy Innocents; 117v, Agnes; 120v, Conversion of Paul; 124r, Purification; 127v, Agatha; 130v, Peter’s Chair; 130v, Benedict; 134v, Annunciation; 137v, Ambrose; 138r, Mark; 138v, Phillip and James; 140v, Finding of the Cross; 142r, John the Baptist; 145r, Peter; 148v, Mary Magdalene; 149v, Peter in Chains; 149v, Finding of Stephen; 149v, Laurence; 153r, Assumption; 156v, Bernard; 160r, Behaeding of John the Baptist; 161v, Nativity of Mary; 161v, Visitation (marginal addition); 164r, Exaltation of the Cross; 165v, Michael; 169v, All Saints; 174r, Martin; 177v, Cecilia; 180v, Clement; 181, Andrew.
Ff. 185v-211v: Common of Saints.
F. 211v, Dedication of a Church; 216r, Invitatory tones; 221r, Tonary; 223r, Catherine; 225v, Benedict; 228r, Crown of Thorns; lacuna; 232r, 11000 Virgin Martyrs of Cologne; 238r, Corpus Christi; 242r, Annunciation; 243r, Common of one Confessor (not Pope); 244, Canticles; 248v, Common of Many Virgin Martyrs; 249r, Commemoration Chants.
Liturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): F. 1: Philip and James, Finding of the Cross, Alexander. Ff. 2r-95v: Temporale. 2r, First Sunday of Advent; 13r, Christmas; 16v, Stephen; 30r, Ferial Office; 41v, Ash Wednesday; 58v, Maundy Thursday; 63v, Easter; 75v, Pentecost; 79r, Trinity; 82r, Summer Histories; 93v, Sundays after Pentecost.The manuscript Worcester F.160 contains a monastic antiphoner, processional, calendar, psalter, hymnal, collectarium, tonary, kyriale, gradual and a fragmentary proser; the antiphoner and processional were reproduced in facsimile in Paleographie musicale 12 (Tournai: Desclee, 1922). The volume includes a tonary of the antiphons that was drawn up by Laurentia McLachlan, who also wrote the introduction.
Ff. 96r-99v: Invitatory Tones. Ff. 100r-115v: Processional (103v- 105v, Palm Sunday; 106v, Antiphons "ad Mandatum"). Ff. 121r-130v: Visitation of Mary. Ff. 135r-142v: Corpus Christi. Ff. 147-148v: Kalendar. Ff. 149r-164v: Psalter. Ff. 164v-169v: Hymnal.
Ff. 182r-270r: Sanctorale. 182r, Andrew; 187v, Lucy; 190r, Wulfstan; 197r, Conversion of Paul; 206v, Oswald; 212r, Cuthbert; 220r, Dunstan; 223v, Dedication of a Church; 232v, Mary Magdalene; 238r, Laurence; 261r, Feast of Relics; 262r, All Saints.
Ff. 270r-282v: Common of Saints. Ff. 282v-284v: Office for the Dead. Ff. 285v-286r: Tonary.
The CANTUS index exists in two forms. One includes all the chants in the antiphoner, processional, and hymnal, including the Offices of the Visitation of Mary and Corpus Christi, which were added in the fourteenth century. (Though not included in the facsimile edition, these two Offices are discussed in the introduction to it.) The location numbers in this version of the index are the folios of the manuscript. A second version of the index includes only the chants of the antiphoner and this version's location numbers are the pages of the facsimile edition. In the index with the facsimile page numbers, the folio numbers of the manuscript are found in the Addendum field, and likewise in the version with the manuscript folio numbers, the Addendum field contains the facsimile pages.
A number of rare Offices for Anglo-Saxon saints occur in Worcester F.160, namely Cuthbert, Dunstan, Oswald, and Wulfstan; texts for the antiphons in Cuthbert's Office may be found in Analecta hymnica, vol. 13, p. 102. (It should be noted that the Analecta hymnica edition follows a source that presents the secular cursus, so not all the Worcester antiphons are to be found in it.) The Offices for Cuthbert and Wulfstan are briefly discussed by Andrew Hughes in "British Rhymed Offices: A Catalogue and Commentary" in Music in the Medieval English Liturgy, Susan Rankin and David Hiley, eds. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 257 and 279f, respectively. The Office for Corpus Christi also appears in Arras 893.
Each chant not found in CAO is assigned an arbitrary number prefixed by "wor". Differentiae follow the numbering of the tonary of the manuscript (as prepared for the facsimile edition) with one important modification: certain differentiae occur both with and without liquescent notes, and these distinctions were not taken into account by the compiler of the tonary. However, they are reflected in the CANTUS index by an "a" added to differentiae with liquescent notes. The differentia labelled 8.5 in the tonary (the tonus peregrinus) is labelled "8 P" in the CANTUS index.
About the Invitatory tones of Worcester F.160
Invitatory tones are represented in Worcester F.160 in two different ways. All of the tones are written out in full on ff. 96r-99v (pp. 192-99 of the facsimile edition); elsewhere in the source they are referred to only by incipit. The repertory of thirteen invitatory tones includes many standard ones: 2 for some mode-2 invitatory antiphons; FE for use in the ferial Office; CH for Christmas and Epiphany; the tone NE; 3 for a small number of mode-3 antiphons; BL for antiphons of mode 2 or mode 4; as well as the tones named 5 and 7.
Worcester F.160 does record one unusual tone, labelled WR, which is used throughout the liturgical year, in both temporale and sanctorale. Although rarely encountered, this tone is not unique to Worcester; it appears in various other sources, even in Toledo 44.1 (though there only as an incipit).
The invitatory tones labelled PA and IN, usually associated with Paschal time and the feast of the Holy Innocents respectively, occur in Worcester, but each also has a variant labelled PX or IX. These four tones all occur at the end of the series (98v-99r), and may indicate some confusion on the part of the scribe: the tone IN is assigned to Easter Sunday; the tone IN was originally assigned to Easter Monday, erased, and the PX tone added by a later hand; and an invitatory antiphon sung during Pentecost week (77r; p. 154) is followed by the incipits for the IN, PX, and PA tones. (The PA tone incipit appears only twice, here and after the invitatory antiphon for the feast of Wulfstan.)
Selected Bibliography
Bishop, E. "An Old Worcester Book." Downside Review 25 [new series, 6] (1907): 174ff.
In a Great Tradition: Tribute to Dame Laurentia McLachlan, Abbess of Stanbrook. Edited by the Benedictines of Stanbrook, 152-77. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
Underwood, Peter J. "Melodic Traditions in Medieval English Antiphoners." Journal of the Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society 5 (1982): 1-12.
Hiley, David. "Thurstan of Caen and Plainchant at Glastonbury: Musicological Reflections on the Norman Conquest." Proceedings of the British Academy 72 (1986): 57-90.
The computer file was prepared at The Catholic University of America by Keith Glaeske, Denise Gallo, and Lila Collamore.
Go back to Manuscript ListThe computer file was prepared by James Boyce (Fordham University) with editorial assistance from Andrew Mitchell (The University of Western Ontario).
Go back to Manuscript ListLiturgical Occasions "at a glance" (refer to the index for complete contents): Ff. 3-258: Summer Temporale and Sanctorale. 16th-century additions: 8 unnumbered folios at the beginning record the chants for the Presentation of Mary; the first part of Easter (up to and including f. 4).Some Offices are found in the volumes of Analecta hymnicaPresentation of Mary, in Analecta hymnica vol. 24, pp. 76-80; Holy Lance, partly in Analecta hymnica vol. 5, pp. 35-36, cf. Vorau; Visitation of Mary, in Analecta hymnica vol. 24, pp. 89-94; Anna, partly in Analecta hymnica vol. 5, pp. 115-117; Gudula - The Office from the Brussels Gudula Church, partly in Analecta hymnica vol. 26, pp. 78-79; Elizabeth of Hungary, in Analecta hymnica vol. 25, pp. 253-258, cf Cambrai; Francis of Assisi, in Analecta hymnica vol. 5, pp. 175-178, cf. Budapest; Justus, in Analecta hymnica vol. 55, pp. 404-408.
Antiphoner proper: Ff. 3r, Easter; 23r, Ascension; 28r, Pentecost; 33r, Trinity; 36v, Corpus Christi; 48v, Histories; 65v, commune; 68r, Walburga; 71r, Philip and James; 72r, Finding of the Cross; 74r, John at the Latin Gate; 76v, John the Baptist; 82v, Peter; 87r, Paul; 90r, Margaret; 95r, Sending of the Apostles; 96v, Mary Magdalene; 104v, Laurence; 109v, Assumption; 115v, Bartholomew; 123r, Nativity of Mary; 130v, Michael; 137v, Gereon; 141r, Justus; 142r, Luke; 144r, 11,000 Virgins; 147v, Severinus; 148v, All Saints; 152v, Martin; 163r, Catherine of Alexandria; 167v, Walburga; 169r, Dedication of a Church.
More 16th-century additions: Ff. 175r, Commune; 194r, Holy Lance; 196r, Sorrows of Mary (Compassio Mariae); 199v; Visitation of Mary; 205r, Anna; 210r, Mary of the Snows; 213v Transfiguration; 217v, Lambert; 218r, Gudula; 223r, Elizabeth of Hungary; 230r, Francis of Assisi; 236r, Ferial responsories for some of the Histories; 242r, Hymns; 252r, Justus; 258r, Additional chants from the Commune.
Many of the Offices in the 16th-century portion of the manuscript received their place in the Zutphen liturgy in the later Middle Ages. The manuscript contains an Office of Gudula, partly known from sources of Brussels. A church was dedicated to this saint in the village of Lochem, a church under the control of the Zutphen chapter. The Justus Office reflects veneration for Justus during the 15th century, a veneration which also led to the founding of a Confraternity for Ewald and Justus in 1454. Relics of Justus of Beauvais had been preserved in Zutphen since at least the 14th century; and an additional relic for the saint was brought by the Franciscans when they established themselves in Zutphen, around 1450. The settling of the Franciscans at this time also explains the occurence of a Francis Office in the later additions to the MS. Other relics were kept in Zutphen as well, including the bones of Bartholomew and some skulls of the 11, 000 virgins. These relics were taken out of Zutphen during the religious troubles at the end of the 16th century and brought to Antwerp.
Among the 15th century portions of the MS we find:
An Office for Walburga, patron saint of the church. This Office is a
compilation
of chants, written originally for Walburga or for other female saints
(some
chants are found in the Office of Gertrudis of Nivelles, Analecta
hymnica
vol. 26, pp. 60-63).
The relatively extended Office for Margaret in the 15th century part of
the
MS (in prose; with psalm quotations in some of the chants; not in Analecta
hynnica or LMLO) can perhaps be
explained by
the fact that in St. Walburga's was a Margaret chapel; this was the
chapel
of the counts of Zutphen.
The Bartholomew Office is not in Analecta hymnica; some chants
can
be found in LMLO (BA84 and BA85).
In the Zutphen tradition, some saints are celebrated on idiosyncratic dates. According to all Zutphen sources, the translation of Walburga's relics to Eichstätt is celebrated on 24 September, while in Eichstätt (where she is buried together with her brother) it is celebrated on 12 October. The translation of Gudula is in Zutphen on 8 October, but in Brussels (where her relics were brought in the 11th century and where her Office originated) on 6 July. Justus of Beauvais is celebrated in Zutphen on 11 October, though his feast is traditionally 18 October. Apparently Justus of Beauvais was confused with Justus of Arras.
Although Zutphen is now a relatively small city in the east of the Netherlands, it was a flourishing town during the Middle Ages, the residence of the counts of both Zutphen and the county (from 1339 onwards duchy) Gelre.
The chapter of Zutphen was founded in the 11th century, and consisted of a provost and 12 canons; there were 11-16 vicars and in 15th-century documents 3 "chorisocii" are mentioned. In addition, there were also schoolboys. The church is connected with the famous "Librije", a unique late medieval library built adjacent to the church.
The presence of an organ is known from the first half of the 15th century onwards. No traces of polyphonic vocal music are known.
Most of the books and documents of the chapter are kept in the Municipal Archive (the Stadsarchief or Gemeentelijk Archief Zutphen). Some are in the Librije or elsewhere.
Other sources for the Zutphen Office are:Breviarium
festivum (Brussels,
Bibl.
Bollandistes, ms 680), prepared ca. 1470 (without notation).
Two
choir books (Zutphen, GAZ, ms
2
and Zutphen, Librije, ms 6), dating from the 2nd half of the 15th
century,
partly early 16th century, each containing a limited number of Offices,
and
some sequences. The books are identical and apparently meant for both
sides
of the choir.
A
small 15th century book with the
responsoria
brevia (Zutphen, Librije, ms 5)
For the Mass, unnoted missals have generally survived; only some sequences (e.g. for Walburga) are preserved with music.
In the 2nd half of the 16th century, during the religious troubles, Zutphen came under Protestant control. From that time onwards the Catholic religion was forbidden in the northern part of the Netherlands. Although some chapters (e.g. the Utrecht chapters) managed to continue until the end of the 18th century, the Zutphen chapter was disbanded round 1600.
All chants not found in CAO are assigned arbitrary numbers prefixed by "zut".
Selected Bibliography
The literature is mainly in Dutch.
De Sint-Walburgiskerk in Zutphen. Momenten uit de geschiedenis van een middeleeuwse kerk. Eds.: M. Groothedde et al. (Zutphen 1999), containing among others: I. de Loos: De liturgie in de Zutphense Sint-Walburgiskerk, pp. 159-185)
De geschiedenis van Zutphen, ed.: W. Frijhoff (Zutphen 1989).
Dreves, G.M. ed. Analecta Hymnica Medii Aevi. 55 Volumes. Leipzig: 1886. Reprint. Frankfurt am Main: Minerva, 1961.
Hughes, Andrew. Late Medieval Liturgical Offices: Resources for Electronic Research. Subsidia Mediaevalia, 23. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1994.
The computer file was prepared by Ike de Loos, with editorial assistance from Debra Lacoste (The University of Western Ontario).
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