LINUX "RED HAT" COMMANDS LIST
Command or Switch	Definition and Use	Other Information
Alt+F1+AltF2	Toggles between two Text users.
./
*	Astersik added to the end of user's UID means their
	account is disabled.
`	Backticks.  You can take the output of one program
	and make it the parameter of another program.
/	This will be the first (root) partition. A sub-	DURING INSTALL
	directory called /usr will exist on the root
	directory, but it will have nothing in it.
(-1)	The -1 implies infinity.  It is in the field indicating
	the number of days before a password expires,
	you are effectively tagging a user as never having
	to change his or her password.
bg number	Run a job in the background	Page 113
(-c)    omit brackets	Allows you to set the user's name in the GECOS
	field.
cat	cat index.html |  lpr -Pitsprt4sl8d	Prints contents of the file.
	Prints the contents of this file directly to printer 4.	Log onto Panther acct.
	You may want to change the view from landscape.
CGI	Common Gateway Interface	Page 339
chmod	Used for E-Mail. Check the mode.	Chapter 6
chown	Used for E-Mail.  Check the ownership.	Chapter 6
chgrp	Used for E-Mail.  Check the groups	Chapter 6
cron	Scheduler to run any day of the week or time	Page 217
cd	Change to the root directory
./configure	Configures Packages.	Chapter 4
cron	Scheduler to run at any time, command-line format	Page 218
(-d)	By default your home directory is /home/patti, but	Table page 91
	you can change it using this switch.
dd	Users of UNIX can use dd command to create	DURING INSTALL
	a boot image onto a floppy disk.
Disk Druid	Manually partitions the disk, similar to fdisk.	DURING INSTALL
(-e)    omit brackets	An account can expire after a certain date.	Table Page 91
/etc	Holds all the configuration files.
/etc/exports	The only configuration file for NFS	Page 418
exportfs^-a	Export all entries in the /etc/exports file.	Page 419
exportfs^-r	Re-export all entires in the /etc/export file.	Page 419
edquota	Set configuration to "soft" limit, and "hard" limit	Page 195
	grace period.
eject	Ejects the CD-ROM
eject^-f	Ejects the CD-ROM forcefully, if the program bombs
export^FOO	Once the value is set, use the export command	P115
	to finalize it.
expert	Used during installation at the initial boot:	DURING INSTALL
	If you have experience in installing you may want
	to use this feature.
	LINUX "RED HAT" COMMANDS LIST
Command or Switch	Definition and Use	Other Information
(-f)     omit brackets	This option specifies the number of days after a	Table Page 91
	password expires that the account is still usable.
fips	Linux tool to repartition the disk.	Used for dual-booting
		purposes.
fdisk	#NAME?	Page 181, 183 chart
free^-t	Displays your free RAM
fsck		p163
(-g)     omit brackets	Specifies the group the user has in the password	Table Page 91
	file.
get	Used with the Apache server	Page 337
(-G)      omit brackets	Specify additional groups to which the new user will	Table Page 91
	belong.
grep	Tries to match the line with the parameter supplied it.	Page 115
	Grep command finds the exclusions.  Remember the
	Database I entered in the lab and exported the info.?
GNOME	Brings up the GUI (the one with the paw print)
GID	Unique to each group
groupadd	Adds groups to the /etc/group file	page 93
groupdel	Deletes groups	page 93
groupmod	Modify the parameters of a group.	Page 94
grolupmod^-g	Change the GID of the group.
groupmod^-n	Specify a new name of the group	Page 94
/home	Home directories for everyone
host	Tells BIND whether to keep track of statistics for	Page 276
	each host that queries it.
.htaccess	Settinhgs Apache [etc/httpd.conf]	See handout
/home/patti	Patti's home directory
info	Documentation tool along with "man"	page 118
init  (initd) to signify service	Service, always has a process ID of 1	Page 200, 217
inetd	Superserver for network realted processes telnet&ftp	page 203
xinetd
jobs	Displays jobs that are currently running in the BASH	Page 113
kill	Kills a process	Page 118
KDE
lpr	Print command, prints directly to the printer	Log onto any Unix
	For example:  ls -al | lpr -Pitsprt4sl8d	Machine and SSH
	Above command will first list the directory files	at work.
	and then print on printer 4 in Operations.
ls	Lists the contents of a directory	Page 100
ls^-l	Long Listing. Filename, size, date/time, permiss.	Page 121
ls^-a	All files.  Shows hidden files.  Names of hidden files
	begin with a period
ls^-1	Single column listing.
ls^-R	Recursively lists all files and subdirectories
ls^-l^|^less	Lists directories and you can pg up and down
login	Finally , the only parameter that isn't optional! You	Table page 92
	MUST specify the new user's login name.
lilo
logout	Logs out a user in Text mode
(-m)    omit brackets	By default, the system automatially create the	Table page 92
	user's home directory.  This option is the explicit
	command to create the user's home directory.
	LINUX "RED HAT" COMMANDS LIST
Command or Switch	Definition and Use	Other Information
(-M)  omit brackets	If you use -m you cannot use -M.  The -M command	Table Page 92
	tells the system NOT to create the user's home
	directory.
make^clean	Cleans up temporary files	Chapter 6
make	Compiles packages, and xconfig	Page 77, 228
make^install	Installs compiled software by running this command	Page 71
man	The "man" format allows you to show documentation	Page 118
	about a utility
Mount Point	Location where the partition is mounted.	DURING INSTALL
mounted	You must mount a floppy or CD-ROM before use
(-n)    omit brackets	Red Hat Linux creates a new group with the same
	name as the new user's login as part of the process
	of adding a user.
named^-v	Gives you the version for DNS
named.ca	Backup this file, very important.  It is all the cached
	Internet addresses.  If your server goes down, you
	will loose this information, because normally it is
	stored in RAM.
NOTFOUND	For DNS can speed up searches.	Page 270
netscape^&	BASH presents a prompt called "background"	Page 113 ON QUIZ
nobody	Default user for apache.	Page 344, 338
600	Owner = 6                             R = 4   W = 2  X = 1	Page 124
	Group = 0
	Everyone = 0
normal user	Everyone other than the root is a "normal user"
PAM	Similar to DLLs in Windows, PAM is a library.	Page 100
portmapper	Takes care of telling the client where the actual	Page 414
	service is located on the server
pico	Linux editor for text files.
printenv	to list all of your environment variables	Page 114
quotaon	Turn on the quota, not enabled by default quota^-v	Page 198
quota.user
quota.group
edquota
rpc	Remote Procedure Calls handles requests between	Page 414
	the client and server.
rpcinfo	Run to check if NFS is running.	Page 416
rc		Page 159
reboot	Reboots the system
rm	Removes directory path (USE WITH CAUTION)	Page 78
rm^-rf	Removes entire directory - VERY DANGEREOUS	Page 78
root	Root user, only one/install	Don't forget password
	LINUX "RED HAT" COMMANDS LIST
Command or Switch	Definition and Use	Other Information
startx	startx accesses the ".xinitrc" file, you can change
	the second line to read either startkde for KDE GUI	Page 49
	or gnome-session.  It is your choice. When Linux
	boots up it looks at this file, I believe you can only
	have one of these files.
shadow passwords	Passwords in a separate file called "shadow"
shells	The 1st program that you encounter is a "shell"
	An example of a shell program is BASH.
(-s)      omit brackets	A user's login shell is the first program that runs
	when a user logs in to a system.  This is usually
	a command-line environment, unless youa re logging
	in from the X Windows login screen.  By default,
	this is the Bourne Shell (/bin/bash).
su	Switch user
shutdown^-h^now	Shutdown now from text mode
shutdown^-r^now	Reboots now (-r switch)
smbpasswd^-n^username	If you want a user to have no password	page 463
syslogd	Service to standardize logging.	page 212
/Swap	User cannot access.Place on another area	DURING INSTALL
tar	Most source code is shipped as "tarballs", which
	can be unpacked with the tar command.
	TAR SWITCHES (-c create new device, -t view)
tail	Tail command allows you to monitor the log file
	in real-time.
/tmp	Temporary files are placed.
touch (-d/-t)	Creates a new file (touch test)	Chapter 12
/usr	Actual Programs reside (in Windows terms,
	this is similar to C:\Program Files)
(-u)    omit brackets	By default, the program will automatically find the
	next available UID and use it.  If for some reason
	you need to force a new user's UID and use it.
uptime	UNIX (linux) uptime command tells the user how
	long the syetm has been running since last boot.
unset^FOO	Removes the environment variables.	Page 115
umount	Unmounts a drive, CD-ROM or floppy.	ON QUIZ
/usr/sbin/kbdconfig	If you ever want to change your keyboard layout	AFTER INSTALL
	or type, you can run this program.
uname^-r	Gives you the version number (2.4.2-2)
	The second section is important, an even number
	means stable, odd number means unstable and
	experimental.
UID	Unique user ID, one for every user.
useradd	Add a singler user to the system	page 90
useradd^-D	Use this switch for default options
userdel	Opposite of add, removes the exiting user	page 90
userdel^-r	All of the files owned by the user in his home	page 90
	directory are removed as well.
usermod	Modify a users attributes.	page 90
	LINUX "RED HAT" COMMANDS LIST
Command or Switch	Definition and Use	Other Information
.xinitrc	The file used to bring up the GUI	Use pico as the editor
		you can change this file.
	#!/bin/sh
	startkde
	OR
	#!/bin/sh/gnome-session
	/var	Destination of Log Files.
whereis	Searches the path and displays the name of the
	program and its absolute directory, the source
	file and the man page for the command.
X Windows	GUI mode for Linux, requires memory and CPU
xconfigurator	Configures X Windows by default tries to use the	Page 41
	highest resolution and the maximum colours
	available
.xinetd	Variable	Page 208