CHAPTER 7
INSTALLING
AND CONFIGURING NETWORK PROTOCOLS
A protocol is a set of rules and conventions for sending information over a network. Microsoft
Windows 2000 relies on TCP/IP for logon, file and print services, replication of information
between one domain controller and another, and other common functions.
Lesson 1:
TCP/IP
TCP/IP provides communication across networks of computers with various hardware
architectures and operating systems. TCP/IP is an industry-standard suite of protocols that
enable enterprise networking and connectivity on Windows 2000-bases computers. Adding
TCP/IP to a Windows 2000 configuration offers the following advantages:
Microsoft Windows Sockets (winsock) interface, which is ideal for developing client/server
applications for WinSock-compliant stacks.
The TCP/IP suite of protocols provides a set of standards for how computer communicate and
how networks are interconnected. The TCP/IP suite of protocols map to a four-layer conceptual
model: 1. Network Interface, 2. Internet, 3. Transport, and 4. Application. A T I N
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1. Network Interface
Layer
At the base of the model is the network interface layer. This layer puts frames on the wire and pulls
frames off the wire.
2. Internet Layer
The Internet layer protocol encapsulate packets into Internet datagrams and run all the necessary routing
algorithms. The four Internet layer protocols are Internet Protocol (IP, Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Internet Group management (IGMP).
Protocols Included in
the Internet Layer
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Protocol Description
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IP Provides connectionless packet delivery for all other protocols in the
Suite. Doesn’t guarantee packet arrival or correct packet sequence.
ARP Provides IP address mapping to the media access control (MAC)
sublayer address to acquire the physical MAC control address of the
Destination.
ICMP Provides special communication between hosts, allowing them to
share status and error information.
IGMP Provides multicasting, which is a limited form of broadcasting to
communicate and mange information between all member devices
in a multicast group.
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Transport Layer
The Transport layer protocol provide communication sessions between computers. The desired method
of data delivery determines the transport protocol. The two transport layer protocols are Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Protocols Included in the Transport Layer
Protocol Description
TCP Provides connection-oriented, reliable communications for
Applications that typically transfer large amounts of data at one time
Or that require an acknowledgment for data received.
UDP Provides connectionless communication and doesn’t guarantee
that packets will be delivered. Like the three-way handshake.
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Application Layer
At the top of the model is the application layer, in which applications gain access to the network.
Many standard TCP/IP utilities and services reside in the application layer, such as FTP, Telnet,
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Domain Name System (DNS) and so on.
TCP/IP provides two interfaces for network applications to use the services of the TCP/IP
protocol stack: Winsock and the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) interface.
Interfaces Through Which Applications Use TCP/IP Services
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Interface Description
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Winsock Serves as the standard interface between socket-based
Applications and TCP/IP protocols.
NetBT Serves as the standard interface for NetBIOS services,
Including name, datagram, and session services. It also
Provides a standard interface between NetBIOS-based
Applications and TCP/IP protocols.
Configuring TCP/IP to Use a Static IP Address
By default, client computers running Windows 2000, Windows 95, or Windows 98 obtain
TCP/IP configuration information automatically from the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) Service. However, even in a DHCP-enabled environment, you should assign a static
IP address to selected network computers. For example, the computer running the DHCP
Service can’t be a DHCP client, so it must have a static IP address. If the DHCP Service
isn’t available, you must also configure TCP/IP to use a static IP address. For each network
adapter card that uses TCP/IP in a computer, you can configure an IP address, subnet mask,
and default gateway. For example, see page 157 book.
IP address 192.168.1.201
SubnetMask 255.255.255.0
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Options for Configuring a Static TCP/IP Address
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Option Description
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IP address A logical 32-bit address that identifies a TCP/IP host. Each
network adapter card in a computer running TCP/IP
requires a unique IP address, such as 192.168.1.108.
Each address has two parts: a network ID, which
identifies all hosts on the same physical network, and
a host ID, which identifies a host on the network.
In this example, the network ID is 192.168.1, and the
Host is 108.
Subnet Mask A network in a multiple-network environment that uses
IP addresses derived from a single network ID. Subnets
divide a large network into multiple physical networks
connected with routers. A subnet mask blocks out part
of the IP address so the TCP/IP can distinguish the
network ID from the host ID. When TCP/IP hosts try to
communicate, the subnet mask determines whether the
destination host is on a local or remote network. To
communicate on a network, computers must have the
same subnet mask.
Default gateway The intermediate device on a local network that stores
network IDs of other networks in the enterprise or
internet. To communicate with a host on another network,
configure an IP address for the default gateway. TCP/IP
sends packets for remote networks to the default
gateway (if no other route is configured), which forwards
the packets to other gateways until the packet is delivered
to a gateway connected to the specified destination.
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You can follow these steps to configure TCP/IP to use a static IP address:
Connection, and then click Properties.
Protocol (TCP/IP), verify that the check box to its left is selected, and
Then click Properties.
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Use the Following IP Address, type the TCP/IP configuration parameters,
And then click OK.
Close the Network And Dial-up Connections Windows.
Using Automatic Private IP
Addressing
For the Automatic Private IP addressing feature to function properly on a computer running
Windows 2000, you must configure a network LAN adapter for TCP/IP and click Obtain an
IP Address automatically in the Internet Protocol TCP/IP properties.
NOTE: the Internet assigned numbers authority (IANA) has reserved
169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 for Automatic Private IP addressing.This address is guaranteed
not to conflict with routable addresses.
Consequently, computers enabled with Automatic Private IP Addressing can communicate
only with computers on the same subnet that also have addressed of the form 169.254.x.y.
Disabling Automatic Private IP
Addressing
By default, the automatic Private IP addressing feature is enabled, such as REG_DWORD data type.
Utilities for troubleshooting
TCP/IP
ARP. Displays locally resolved IP addresses and physical addresses.
ipconfig. Current TCP/IP configuration.
Nbstat. Statistics using NetBIOS over TCP/IP.
Netstat. Displays TCP/Ip protocol statistics and connecitons.
Route. Displays local routing table.
Hostname. Returns the local computer's host name for authentication by the remote.
My hostname = computer4
Tracert. Checks the route to a remote system.
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Utilities for testing TCP/IP connectivity (used for Applications)
NOTE: Get = copy
Put = Transfer it.
FTP, if you are exiting the DOS command, type bye. FTP is bidirectional transfer.
TFTP
Telnte
RCP
RSH, run commands on a UNIX host.
REXEC
FINGER
Types of Messaging:
example.
Lesson 2:
NWLink
NWLink is routable. NWLink also provides NetWare clients with access to applications
designed for Windows 2000 Server, such as Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft SNA Server.
NWLink frame type relates to the NIC card. Novell is 802.2 and will not talk to 802.3. You
must have the same frame
types. 802.2 is
naturally detected as the default. You must have the
same type of frame type between client and
server.
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Subnet or Segment
10. 10. 1. 4
10. 10. 1. 3
Network Host
ID ID
Features of NetBEUI
DLC
IBM Mainframe, printing share printer, printer connected TCP/ protocol and is connected
directly to the Network Cable. Converts printer code.
AppleTalk
AppleTalk to Microsoft, AppleTalk is apples own protocol.
Lesson 4:
Network Bindings
Network bindings enable communication between network adapter card drivers.
You can unbind if you have multiple protocols and multiple cards, control the binding.
By default you will be able to sit on another workstation to access the Server.
Binding is the process of linking network components on different levels to enable communications
between those components. TCP/IP is bound to both the Workstation service and the Server
service.
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How to enter this program:
My Network Places/ Properties/Advanced/Advanced Settings
File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Network = Server
Client for Microsoft Networks = Workstation
You can change the binding order by using the up and down arrows.
Lesson Summay:
which allows the services that each component provides to be shared by all other components
that are bound to it.
drivers, and you can optimize network performance by specifying the binding order.
IN CLASS EXERCISES:
When you use WINSOCKET, the computer looks at the packet and inside the packet is the
Port Number, which identifies who receives the broadcast.
Name Resolution:
1. IP address, looks at both
2. Then IP address is
compare to the MAC address.
DNS & WINS No broadcasts.
3. At the command prompt, type arp^-r, the table displayed on the screen is wiped out in 2 minutes
if the screen is left idle.
4. At the command prompt, type arp^/?
5. If the person is not at the machine, and it is turned off, they are not actively on the network,
therefore you cannot ping them. Example, Ian is away, and I ping his turned off machine,
but the response is timed out.
ANDing converts the IP address to binary, and then converts it, this is how it verifies addresses
Create a Spanned Volume and a Striped Volume
Create a mmc, at the Start/run command, then type mmc (enter)
Check the console, and Add/Remove snap-in, DiskManagement,
Log on locally switch is in the Administrative Tools/ Security.
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How to check the IP addresses:
My Network Places/ C:\Local Machines\Properties, check the IP Address.
ipconfig^release
ipconfig^renew, if unreachable, DHCP Server is unreachable.