CHAPTER 11
WINDOWS NT NETWORKING SERVICES
Lesson 1:
Installing Network Services
You install network services by using the Services tab in the Network program in Control Panel.
The process is Start/Programs/Control Panel/Network/Services tab/Add button.
Use the Services tab to perform the functions listed in the following table:
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Option Use this option to
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Add Add a service to a computer.
Remove Remove a selected service.
Properties View or configure settings for a selected network service.
Update Update the settings for a service. The system prompts the
user for the path of the upgrade files.
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Lesson 2:
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Overview
In order to manually assign and maintain IP address information on a network, you must do the following:
Maintain a list of the IP addresses assigned to your company.
Configure or make sure that you correctly configure TCP/IP on each computer on the network and
assign a valid IP address to that computer.
Maintain a list of any unassigned IP addresses.
What is DHCP?
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol that centralizes and manages the
allocation of TCP/IP configuration information by automatically assigning IP addresses to computers
that have been configured to use DHCP. Implementing DHCP eliminates some of the configuration
problems and administration associated with manually configuring TCP/IP.
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The following table describes the phases of the DHCP
process.
R IP lease Request
O IP lease Offers
S IP lease Selection
A IP lease Acknowledgment
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Phase Description
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IP lease request The client initializes a limited version of TCP/IP and
Broadcasts a request for the location of a DHCP server and
IP Address.
IP lease offer All DHCP servers that have valid IP addresses available
Send an offer to the client.
IP lease selection The client selects the IP address from the first offer it
Receives and broadcasts a message requesting to lease
The IP address in the offer.
IP lease
Acknowledgment The DHCP server that made the offer responds to the
Message, and all other DHCP servers withdraw their
Offer.
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Network/Protocol Tab/Properties
IP Addresses (TAB)
DNS (TAB)
WINS Address (TAB)
DHCP relay (TAB)
Routing (TAB)
DNS (tab) lists DNS Service Search Order and domain suffix
Search order.
UNC naming convention:
15 characters maximum
identifies computer on the network.
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LAN Manager Hosts
LM Hosts addresses are static, and determines how you distribute the names.
DHCP Requirements
To implement DHCP, the following requirements must be met for the DHCP Server service
and the DHCP client.
DHCP Server
Microsoft Windows NT Server.
NOTE: The DHCP server does not have to be a domain controller.
default gateway. This means that it does not ever change!
on each subnet.
range, or pool, of IP addresses that the DHCP server can assign, or lease, to DHCP
clients: for example 31.107.3.51 through 131.107.3.200.
NOTE: There may be multiple DHCP Servers, there may be several broadcasts 70% own
addresses in your own pool.
Ensure you stress to your users the importance of shutting down the system properly, because
the address is returned to DHCP default is leased for 3 days. The maximum lease is 999 days.
A BDC can be made into a DHCP!
DHCP Client
A DHCP client must be running one of the following supported operating systems:
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Addresses:
192 .168 .2 .0
(0-255) cannot use 0 and 255 needed.
(1-254) we can use
Servers 1-20 (reserve these numbers for servers, usually a standard)
(servers should be static, never change)
DHCP Conventional Numbering:
192 .168 .2 .1 1 = router
2 – 10 = other Servers (leave static)
11-240 = Other
If you want to get the Workstation A to DHCP, you may need a Relay Agent DHCP. The
Relay Agent must be a static Address.
The DHCP Server service on your Windows NT Server, the following
Start/Control Panel/Services/Add/Microsoft DHCP Server. You need to restart the computer
or the service to start. You must type the source files, maybe insert the CD from the Technical
book, it is in I386, then copy to your computer. Then you need to restart your computer again.
SCOPE – to create a DHCP scope, use DHCP Manager, and press create. The create scope
menu has the following options:
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IP Address Pool:
Start Address
End Address
Subnet Mask
Start Address
End Address
Lease Duration
Unlimited
Limited to (days, hours, minutes)
To Create a DHCP scope:
What are the names of the two DHCP-related
services?
DHCP client and Microsoft DHCP Server.
What are the status and startup values of
these two services?
Client-blank status and disabled startup.
Microsoft DHCP Server: Started status and Automatic Startup.
Notice that no options on the menu are available because you have not yet specified the
computer on which the scope will be created.
In This Box Type This
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IP Address Pool Start Address 131.107.2.201
IP Address Pool End Address 131.107.2.209
Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0
Lease Duration Limited to (Days) 1
9. Click OK to exit the DHCP Manager.
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Configuring Client Reservations
You can reserve a specific IP address for a specific client computer. You would to this if the
client must use a specific IP address, typically on that was previously assigned using another method
of TCP/IP configuration.
Start/Programs/Administrative Tools (common)/DHCP Manager/ click Add reservations on the
Scope menu.
Lesson 3:
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)
Computers need IP addresses to identify each other, but computers users usually find it easier to
work with computer names. Microsoft uses WINS only, and it is not out on the Internet. If you
have a machine that is multihomed or has 2 NIC cards, do not have a WINS server, it does not
know which one to look at. For every 1000 clients you should put in a new WIN Server. Also, a
BDC can be a good selection for a WINS Server. WINS can set up a proxy server to transfer
broadcasts.
TCP/IP devices use IP addresses rather than the computer name to locate a computer on the
internetwork. Thus, TCP/IP internetworks require a name resolution method that can match
and convert computer names to IP addresses and IP addresses to computer names. WINS
resolves IP addresses internally, because WINS is fully dynamic. WINS is one of the best
way to reduce broadcast traffic on a Network.
WINS is dynamic, as a computer shuts down properly, the computer hands back the address.
It looks within its own cache for addresses, therefore cutting down on broadcasts.
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Mode Description
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b-node Uses broadcasts for name registration and resolution
(broadcast)
p-node Does not use broadcasts, instead, it queries the Name Server
(peer-to-peer) directly. Because broadcasts are not used, computer can span
routers.
m-node Combo of b-node and p-node. By default, an m-mode functions
(mixed) as a b-node.
h-node Combo of p-node and b-node. By default, an h-node
(hybrid) functions as a p-node.
Microsoft An enhanced b-node for resolving netBIOS computer names
Enhanced of remote hosts.
B-node
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Installing and Configuring WINS
To install the WINS Server service on a computer running Windows NT Server, use the
Start/Settings/Control Panel/Services tab/ Add Windows Internet Name Service. You must
shut down and restart your computer for the service to start.
WINS Manager is installed under Administrative Tools (common) now.
See page 396 to install the WINS Server on my own desktop.
Lesson 4:
Domain Name System:
DNS is a distributed database providing a hierarchical naming system for identifying hosts on the
Internet. DNS was developed to solve the problems that arose when the number of hosts on the
Internet grew dramatically in the early 1980s.
NOTE: The term Domain, when used in the context of DNS, is not related to the term domain used
when discussing Windows NT Directory Services.
An Internet domain, is a unique name that identifies an Internet site. In order to register a domain name,
you must contact the
on the Internet at http://internic.net
What is a DNS Server Service?:
The DNS Server Service is a name resolution service that resolves a FQDN to the IP address that is
then used by the internetwork. For example, you can use Microsoft Internet Explorer to open research.
widgets.com, and the DNS server can resolve this friendly name to the correct IP address on the Internet.
Below are the differences between DNS and WINS:
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DNS WINS
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Resolves Internet names to IP addresses Resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses.
Static database of computer name to IP Dynamic database of NetBIOS names
address mappings. It must be manually and IP addresses. It is dynamically updated.
updated.
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DNS database is a tree structure called the Domain Name Space. Each domain (node in the tree structure)
is named and can contain subdomains. The domain name identifies the domain’s position in the database in
relation to its parent domain.
Fully qualified Domain Names, with the exception of the root, each node in the DNS database has a name
(label) of up to 63 characters. Each subdomain must have a unique name within its parent domain.
You can manually configure a DNS client by using the Network
program in Control Panel/Protocols
tab/ TCP/IP protocol/ properties.
Integrating WINS and DNS
The structure of DNS zone changes whenever a new host is added or when an existing host is moved to
a different subnet. Because DNS is not dynamic, you must manually change the DNS database files if the
zone is to reflect the new configuration.
Lesson 5:
Computer Browser Service
Gathers information of services on the Network. If you are not using protocols do not use it. It checks
every 12 minutes until a resource is located.
Network Neighborhood is a type of browser service. It is not very reliable, and some computers will
not show up on the network.
Browser Roles
Master Browser is a computer that collects and maintains the list of available network servers in its
workgroup or subnet. The Master browser is usually on the PDC.
The Master Browser maintains the list, like a toggle switch, if Yes in NT Server, it will be No in
Workstation.
Backup Browser is a computer that receives a copy of the browse list from the master browser.
Potential Browser is a computer that is capable of becoming a browser.
Non-browser is a computer that is configured so that it will not maintain a browse list.
Election Process
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Network computers can initiate an election by broadcasting a special message called an election packet.
When a browser receives an election packet, it examines the packet and compares the requesting
computer’s criteria value with its own election criteria.
Browser Criteria:
Operating System:
Operating system version, Windows NT 4.0, 3.51, 3.5 or 3.1
Its configured role in the browsing environment:
Configuring Browsers
Computers running Windows NT can be configured to be a browser, to never participate as a browser,
or to be a potential browser. Use Registry Editor to configure the following parameter:
\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Browser\Parameters\MaintainServerList
Summary:
using the Services tab in the Network program in Control Panel.
configured to use DHCP.
NetBIOS name-to-IP address mappings in a network.
that resolves host names to IP addresses as required by the internetwork.
for host name resolution, thereby creating a form of dynamic DNS Server service that takes
advantage of the best features of both DNS and WINS.
administrative overhead of individually configuring your DHCP clients to also be WINS clients,
or DNS clients.
list is distributed to specially assigned computers that perform browsing services, which reduces
the amount of network traffic required to build and maintain a list of all shared resources on the network.