Workshop on Environmental Study Design & Analysis
Roger H. Green
Seward
AK Mon-Tue May 10-11 2004
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Recent updates
March 19: The workshop dates are now firm. The 2-day workshop in Seward AK will be held on Monday May 10 and Tuesday May 11 2004. The workshop schedule has been filled in based on those dates.
General information
I have run workshops similar to this over a decade and a half. Locations have included British Columbia, Massachusetts, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Brunswick, Alberta, Bermuda, Singapore and Malaysia (twice each at the last 5 places). Local organizers/sponsors have included BC Environment, Battelle, UNESCO, Bermuda Biological Station, Huntsman Marine Laboratory, University of Calgary, University of Western Ontario, National University of Singapore, and University Science Malaysia.
It is assumed that participants will have taken an introductory statistics course (e.g. a semester course) or have the equivalent knowledge. The workshop is sponsored by the Alaska SeaLife Center and the Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council. It is intended for those who want to apply design principles and statistical analysis methodology to environmental studies i.e. baseline, impact or monitoring studies. The workshop fee is not yet set but it should be around $200 for non-SeaLife Center participants.
The workshop will be over the two consecutive days Mon May 10 and Tue May 11. Statistical analyses will be demonstrated throughout the workshop, using an LCD projector. Accommodation for the night of Mon May 10 in Seward can be arranged for participants who do not live in or near Seward. Please register and make other arrangements with Lea Paddock, the local organizer (see link on menu - click on "Go back to menu" button)
Workshop venue
The workshop will be held at the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward or elsewhere in Seward as arranged by the SeaLife Center.
Outline - Environmental study design and analysis: principles & examples
A. Introduction
1. Objectives
2. Background & interests that I'm assuming
3. My sense of why you need this
4. Where I'm coming from - my experience and interests
5. Why this "principles & examples" organization
6. Relationship to computer programs/packages
B. Design & statistical analysis in environmental studies: Principles
1. Environmental study design
a. General principles
b. Spatial pattern, statistical assumptions, and transformation of variables
c. Choice of sampling method and sample unit size
d. Hypothesis testing - why & how
e. Estimating necessary number of samples
f. Allocation of sampling effort in space and time
g. Criteria for choice of response variable(s)
h. ANOVA designs - random, paired, nested, factorial
i. Reference sites, reference conditions
j. BACI designs
k. Specialized methods: field transplant experiments; EMAP; Bayesian methods and other current fads
2. Statistical analysis by univariate models
a. Review of regression analysis models
b. Linear and nonlinear models in biology and ecology
c. Applications of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) models
d. How to do ANOVA and ANCOVA by regression, using dummy variables
3. Statistical analysis by multivariate models: An introduction
C. Design & statistical analysis in environmental studies: Some hands-on experience
Tentative workshop schedule
Mon morning May 10 - 9:30am - 10:45am: Introductory remarks, getting acquainted, handouts, and the like;
Principles of study design (PoSD): general principles
Mon morning May 10 - 11:00am - 12:15pm: PoSD - spatial pattern; PoSD - statistical assumptions; PoSD -
transformations; PoSD - hypothesis testing; PoSD - choosing sampling method and sample unit
size; PoSD - estimating necessary number of samples
Mon afternoon May 10 - 1:15pm - 3:15pm: PoSD - allocation of samping effort in space and time; PoSD -
choosing response variables; PoSD - ANOVA designs;
Mon afternoon May 10 - 3:30pm - 5:30pm: PoSD - reference sites and times; PoSD - BACI designs;
Specialized methods: field transplant experiments; EMAP; Bayesian methods & other current fads
Mon evening May 10 - 7:30pm - 9:30pm: Dr. Green will be available to discuss material, projects, data, etc.
Tue morning May 11 - 8:00am - 10:00am: Univariate models: review of regression; common nonlinear models
in ecology
Tue morning May 11 - 10:15am - 12:15pm: ANCOVA; Introduction to multivariate statistical methods
Tue afternoon May 11 - 1:15pm - 3:45pm: Discussion, case study questions, analysis examples, etc.
Useful references - books & papers
Books on study design and statistical methods useful for environmental studies Batschelet, E. 1976. Introduction to mathematics for life sciences. Springer-Verlag, New York. (The kind of book that should be the text for a biologist's calculus course, but never is.) Cochran, W.G. 1963. Sampling techniques, 2nd Ed. Wiley, N.Y. (Still the classic reference on the subject.) Cochran, W.G. 1983. Planning and analysis of observational studies. Wiley, New York. (A nice short treatment of principles of design and statistical analysis - including power analysis - for the kinds of studies ecologists most commonly do, i.e. studies that are not designed experiments.) Crawley, M.J. 1993. GLIM for ecologists. Blackwell, Oxford. (See comments on McCullagh and Nelder 1983.) Crowder, M.J., and D.J. Hand. 1990. Analysis of repeated measures. Chapman and Hall, London. (This is the bible on the subject. There are worked examples, discussion of procedures as implemented in various statistical packages, and discussion of assumptions and consequences of their violation.) Draper, N.R., and H. Smith. 1981. Applied regression analysis, 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York. (The bible on regression analysis and modelling, examining residuals, nonlinear models, etc. Worked examples.) Edgington, E.S. 1995. Randomization tests, 3rd Ed. Marcel Dekker, New York. (See comments on Manly 1991.) Elliott, J.M. 1977. Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates. FBA Sci. Publ. No.25, Windermere, Cumbria, U.K. (A "best buy". Good on spatial distributions, sampling designs, transformations.) Green, R.H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. Wiley, N.Y. (A "handbook" with examples, univariate and multivariate approaches, my prejudices, and a large topic-coded bibliography - now rather out of date. A new book is in prep, the draft title & outline of which is the same as for this workshop.) Harris, R.J. 1985. A primer of multivariate statistics, 2nd Ed. Academic Press, N.Y. (A good multivariate stats text and reference, but “primer” is misleading. Don't start with it - start with Pielou 1984, Pimentel 1978 or Manly 1994.) Hunt, R. 1978. Plant growth analysis. Edward Arnold, London. (Thin soft cover treatment of quantitative models of growth and form - generally applicable - not just to plants.) Jongman, R.H.G., C.J.F. ter Braak and O.F.R. van Tongeren. 1987. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Pudoc Wageningen, The Hague. (The latest crazes in statistical analysis of biological community data. The offspring of a mating between a Dutch school and the Cornell school. Trendy methods such as Canonical Correspondence Analysis plus coverage of traditional methods such as Principal Components Analysis and analysis of spatial pattern. Cajo ter Braak wrote a statistical package called CANOCO that does most of it. If you are interested in analysis of community data, do not begin with this one. Read Pielou 1984 or Manly 1994 first.) Keough, M.J., and B.D. Mapstone. 1995. Protocols for designing marine ecological monitoring programs associated with BEK mills. Report No. 11. CSIRO, Canberra. (It’s a book-size report. Excellent coverage of general principles and practice of environmental study design. A non-commercially published word-of-mouth gem, like Elliott 1977. If you write to CSIRO in Canberra they’ll probably mail you a copy for free.) Kirk, R.E. 1982. Experimental design: procedures for the behavioral sciences. Brooks/Cole, Monterey, California. (Another good reference on experimental and observational study design. His fans, who tend to be fanatics, always ask "But what does Captain Kirk say?" (apologies to Trekkies). One of his cleverer efforts is to show how to do "pseudo-F tests" by constructing composite error terms. SAS will sometimes do this for complex designs without being asked. See Winer 1971 or Underwood 1997 for a more classical treatment of the subject.) Legendre, L., and P. Legendre. 1983. Numerical ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam. (Very thorough text/reference. Covers matrix algebra diversity indices, multivariate analyses, time series, matrix population models, etc.) Manly, B.F.J. 1991. Randomization and Monte Carlo methods in biology. Chapman and Hall, London. (Randomization tests have largely replaced “nonparametric” tests. This is a good reference to them, and Manly’s RT package implements them. Also see Edgington 1995.) Manly, B.F.J. 1994. Multivariate statistical methods: a primer. Chapman and Hall, London. (Another good one is Pielou 1984.) Mead, R. 1988. Statistical principles for practical applications. Cambridge Univ. Press. (Some say it’s the best general reference on principles in study design for applied studies.) McCullagh, P., and J.A. Nelder. 1983. Generalized linear models. Chapman and Hall, London. (Most texts and statistical packages limit "linear models" to ones with normally distributed error, such as ANOVA and ordinary least squares regression. Be sure you're on top of those sorts of linear models first, then look at how this book brings ”other-than-normal error distribution” models such as probit analysis, log- linear analysis of contingency tables, logistic models, and proportional hazards models for survival data, underneath the "linear models" umbrella. The statistical package GLIM implements these methods. GLIM repels many people with its different philosophy and strange syntax, but it is worth knowing how to use. See Crawley 1993.) Pielou, E.C. 1984. The interpretation of ecological data. Wiley, N.Y. (The subtitle is "A primer on classification and ordination". It's a good introduction to descriptive multivariate statistics applied to ecology. There are clear worked examples. Another good one is Manly 1994.) Pimentel, R.A. 1978. Morphometrics: The multivariate analysis of biological data. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa. (A good introduction to multivariate statistics. Measurements on painted turtles feature a lot in his examples, hence the title. Lots of errata but good value nonetheless.) Popper, K. 1980. The logic of scientific discovery, 10th Ed. Hutchinson, London. (It is the statement of what the philosophy of science is, what the scientific method is. For expression of this philosophy in ecological study design and statistical analysis see Underwood 1997. Popper is worth reading and understanding because this sense of “what science is” is currently under attack by Bayesian “risk analysis” types, e.g. Suter 1993, Suter 1996 Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2: 331-347, and Stewart-Oaten in Schmitt and Osenberg 1996 in Detecting Ecological Impacts: Concepts and Applications in Coastal Habitats, Schmitt and Osenberg, eds., p. 17-27, Academic, New York. See Dennis 1996 Ecol. Appl. 6: 1095-1103, for a good response i.e. a critique of Bayesians in ecology.) Ripley, B.D. 1981. Spatial statistics. Wiley, New York. (As the preface says, "This is a guide to the analysis of spatial data". Relevant topics are spatial autocorrelation and how to deal with it, and testing hypotheses about spatial patterns of organisms. See also chapter 7 of Jongman et al. 1987.) Schmitt, R.J., and C.W. Osenberg. 1996. Detecting ecological impacts caused by human activities. Academic Press, New York. (It’s a mixed bag, with chapters by various people. But the people are mostly very good - e.g. Stewart-Oaten, Underwood, Keough, Jones & Kaly, Mapstone, Kingsford - and the topics are mostly very current and important. I totally disagree with some of it, but that’s OK - some of the chapter authors disagree with other chapter authors within the book.) Schneider, D.C. 1994. Quantitative ecology: spatial and temporal scaling. Academic Press, San Diego. (Nice coverage of how temporal and spatial scales of observations, and of what is being observed, influences results and interpretations of studies.) Seber, G.A.F. 1984. Multivariate observations. Wiley, New York. (A "bible" for multivariate statistics, including the math theory and algorithms that underlie it.) Snedecor, G.W., and W.G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical methods, 8th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa. (Perhaps the best biologically oriented statistics text. See Zar 1996 for a more introductory level text.) Suter, G. W. 1993. Ecological risk assessment. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida. (See also Suter 1996 Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2: 331-347. He advocates a Bayesian-style “risk analysis”approach to environmental management decision-making, as opposed to the traditional Popperian scientific method approach. Also see Stewart-Oaten in Schmitt and Osenberg 1996 in Detecting Ecological Impacts: Concepts and Applications in Coastal Habitats, Schmitt and Osenberg, eds., p. 17-27, Academic, New York. I’m not a fan, but it’s currently fashionable scientifically and politically. For an antidote see Popper 1980, Underwood 1997, and Dennis 1996 Ecol. Appl. 6: 1095-1103. The last is a short and easy read.) Underwood, A.J. 1997. Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge Univ. Press. (Finally we have the book which brings together all the ecological study design and statistics principles scattered throughout Underwood’s papers. Available in soft cover. You should seriously consider buying it.) Winer, B.J. 1971. Statistical principles in experimental design, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. (One of the classics on experimental design, from a social sciences perspective but that doesn’t matter very much.) Zar, J.H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis, 3rd Ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (Introductory biostatistics, and a well-done job. Besides a good introduction to all the obvious things, there is also power analysis, circular distribution statistics (e.g., times of day, stages of the tide, directions of animal movement and orientation, etc.), nested ANOVA, and other gems.)
Papers on study design and statistical methods useful for environmental studies
(some have comments, some don’t)
Chapman, P.M. 1996. Presentation and interpretation of Sediment Quality Triad data. Ecotoxicology 5:327-339.
(Chapman's updating of the SQT in response to other papers on it.)
Clarke, K. R. and R. H. Green. 1988. Statistical design and analysis for a 'biological effects' study. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser. 46: 213-226.
Dennis, B. 1996. Discussion: Should ecologists become Bayesians? Ecol. Appl. 6: 1095-1103.
Douglas, M. E., and J. A. Endler. 1982. Quantitative matrix comparisons in ecological and evolutionary investigations.
J. Theor. Biol. 99: 777-795. (A great example (Trinidad stream fish) of using matrix descriptions of biological
response and various classes of predictor variables and then applying Mantel's procedure to such data. The appendix
is the worked example.
Eberhardt, L. L. 1976. Quantitative ecology and impact assessment. J. Envir. Man. 4: 27-70. (A classic that
should be more famous than it is. Many current issues were considered in this paper two and a half decades
ago. I didn’t know this paper when I wrote my 1979 book.)
Fairweather, P. G. 1991. Statistical power and design requirements for environmental monitoring. Austr. J.
Mar. Freshw. Res. 42: 555-567.
Green, R. H. 1984. Statistical and nonstatistical considerations for environmental monitoring studies.
Environ. Monit. Assessm. 4: 293-301.
Green, R. H. 1989. Power analysis and practical strategies for environmental monitoring. Environm. Res. 50:
195-205.
Green, R. H. 1993. Application of repeated measures designs in environmental impact and monitoring studies.
Austr. J. Ecol. 18: 81-98.
Green, R. H. 1994. Aspects of power analysis in environmental monitoring. In “Statistics in Ecology and
Environmental Monitoring”, D. J. Fletcher and B. F. J. Manly, eds., p. 173-182, Otago Conference Series.
University of Otago Press, Otago, New Zealand.
Green, R.H., J.M. Boyd, and J.S. Macdonald. 1993. Relating sets of variables in environmental studies:
the Sediment Quality Triad as a paradigm. Environmetrics 4:439-457. (The data analyzed here are from
Vancouver Harbour.)
Green, R.H., and P. A. Montagna. 1996. Implications for monitoring: study designs and interpretation
of results. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53:2629-2636. (In the GOOMEX 8-paper set. Three applications to
GOOMEX data: sediment quality triad, increased error variance as result of impact, future study
design recommendations.)
Green, R.H. and S. R. Smith. 1997. Sample program design and environmental impact assessment on coral
reefs. Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 1459-1464. (Repeated measures design for coral reefs, with
examples.)
Green, R. H., and R. C. Young. 1993. Sampling to detect rare species. Ecol. Appl. 3: 351-356. (This
resulted from a request to help with a contract from the U.S. Office of Endangered Species, re. how
to sample when trying to find such a species in a habitat. The answer turned out to be simple and
elegant. The database is unionid molluscs in Tennessee and Virginia rivers. I have had lots of reprint
requests for this one.)
Jones, G.P. and Kaly, U.L. 1996. Criteria for selecting marine organisms in biomonitoring studies.
In: “Detecting Ecological Impacts: Concepts and Applications in Coastal Habitats”, R. J. Schmitt and C. W.
Osenberg, eds., p. 29-48. Academic, New York.
Kennicutt, M.C., II, R.H. Green, P. Montagna and P.F. Rosigno. 1996. Gulf of Mexico Offshore Operations
Monitoring Experiment (GOOMEX), Phase I: sublethal responses to contaminant exposure - introduction
and review. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53:2540-2553. (See comments on Peterson et al 1996, below. This
one is the introductory paper of the 8-paper set. It presents the overall study design and planned
statistical analysis, which was my responsibility in the project.)
Mapstone, B. D. 1995. Scalable decision rules for environmental impact studies: effect size, Type I, and
Type II errors. Ecol. Appl. 5: 401-410.
McDonald, L. L. and W. P. Erickson. 1994. Testing for bioequivalence in field studies: Has a disturbed
site been adequately reclaimed? In “Statistics in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring”, D. J. Fletcher
and B. F. J. Manly, eds., p. 183-197, Otago Conference Series. University of Otago Press, Otago, New
Zealand.
Olsgard, F., P. J. Somerfield, and M. R. Carr. 1997. Relationships between taxonomic resolution and
data transformations in analyses of a macrobenthic community along a established pollution gradient. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser.: 1-9. (Patterns of macrobenthic data in vicinity of North Sea oilfield show high degree
of consistency up to taxonomic level of order.)
Peterman, R. M. 1990. Statistical power analysis can improve fisheries research and management. Can. J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 2-15.
Peterson, C. H. 1993. Improvement of environmental impact analysis by application of principles derived
from manipulative ecology: Lessons from coastal marine case studies. Austr. J. Ecol. 18: 21-52.
Peterson, C.H., M.C. Kennicutt, II, R.H. Green, P. Montagna, D.E. Harper, Jr., E.N. Powell, and P.F.
Rosigno. 1996. Ecological consequences of environmental perturbations associated with offshore hydrocarbon
production: a perspective on long-term exposures in the Gulf of Mexico. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53:
2637-2654. (This is the “summary of results & implications” paper, the 8th of an 8-paper set reporting
the results of a 2-3 year study by a half-dozen principal investigators. This set of papers has had a
major impact, and its conclusions are somewhat controversial -- for example that there is no apparent
biological impact beyond a few hundred meters from drilling platforms.)
Peterson, C.H., L.L. Macdonald, R.H. Green, and W.P. Erickson. 2001. Sampling design begets conclusions:
the statistical basis for detection of injury to and recovery of shoreline communities after the Exxon
Valdez oil spill. Marine Ecology Progress Series 210: 255-283. (This is a major review paper which will
be controversial. Its main theme is that the Exxon-funded study design whatever the intentions were and
whatever their design’s other virtues, was bound to have low power to detect impacts by the oilspill on
the biological community. And it did, in comparison with the government-funded & supervised studies. Mind
you, I was Chair of the Statistical Working Group for the latter and Peterson was Chief Scientist, so we
can’t claim to be disinterested.)
Stewart-Oaten, A. 1996. Goals in environmental monitoring. In: “Detecting Ecological Impacts:
Concepts and Applications in Coastal Habitats”, R. J. Schmitt and C. W. Osenberg, eds., p. 17-27. Academic,
New York.
Suter, G. W. 1996. Abuse of hypothesis testing statistics in ecological risk assessment. Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment 2: 331-347.
Underwood, A. J. 1981. Techniques of analysis of variance in experimental marine biology and ecology. Ann.
Rev. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol 19: 513-605.
Underwood, A. J. 1991. Beyond BACI: experimental designs for detecting human environmental impacts on
temporal variations in natural populations. Austr. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 42: 569-587.
Underwood, A. J. 1992. Beyond BACI: the detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but
variable, world. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 161: 145-178.
Underwood, A. J. 1993. The mechanics of spatially replicated sampling programmes to detect environmental
impacts in a variable world. Austr. J. Ecol. 18: 99-116..
Underwood, A. J. 1994. Things environmental scientists (and statisticians) need to know to receive (and
give) better statistical advice. 33-61.
Underwood, A. J. 1994. On beyond BACI: sampling designs that might reliably detect environmental
disturbances. Ecol. Appl. 4: 3-15.
Underwood, A. J. 1997. Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of
variance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Walters, C.J. and R.H. Green. 1997. Valuation of experimental management options for ecological systems.
J. Wildl. Man. 61(4):987-1006. (Roughly bashed together during a sabbatical period I spent at UBC, then
finished by back-and-forth fax and email. Walters and I come from opposite philosophical directions re.
estimation vs. testing, and Bayesian vs. Fisherian. This paper is an attempt to reconcile these
philosophically different approaches in ecological applications.)
Statistical analysis software
I will mostly use Minitab Release 13 for Windows to demonstrate statistical analyses. Please note that you can download a demo from their website. Minitab has made available to me a "timed" copy of Minitab Release 13 which I will bring to the workshop for installing in participants' computers (if they bring their own computers). These copies will expire shortly after the workshop and you'll have to buy one then if you want to keep using it. I will probably also demonstrate some other statistical software for particular kinds of analysis, for example Glim (for linear models where the response doesn't need to be normally distributed or additively related to the predictors, e.g. probit, logistic and loglinear models), and RT (randomization tests of hypotheses).
.
Short professional resume - Roger H. Green
Academic qualifications:
- Bachelor of Science in Biology, College of William & Mary, 1961
- Ph.D. in Zoology, Cornell University, 1965
- Fulbright Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Queensland, 1965-66
- Resident Ecologist, Marine Biological Lab, Woods Hole, 1966-68
- Asst. and Assoc. Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, 1968-76
- Assoc. Professor and Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario,
1977-99
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, 1999-
- Visiting Professor with Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, University Science
Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, May 2001 - May 2002
- Research Affliliate, Environment and Natural Resources Institute, University of
Alaska Anchorage, 2003-
Publications:
- 57 papers in refereed journals
- 24 papers in refereed conference or workshop proceedings
- 1 book: Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. 1979.
Wiley, New York.
- 1 book in prep: Environmental Study Design and Analysis: Principles and Examples
- 8 contributions to a book or document
- 4 invited book reviews
Invited contributions to conferences or workshops (since 1998):
- Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Niagara Falls, Ontario, November 1999
- Workshop on Design of Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Program, Edmonton, Alberta,
April 1999
- Ninth Lukacs Symposium on Frontiers of Environmental and Ecological Statistics
for the 21st Century, Bowling Green, Ohio, April 1999 (I received an
Outstanding Ecologist award)
- Second ASEAN Experts Meeting on Regional Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable
Forest Management, Brunei, October 1999
- Asia-Pacific Conference on the Biology of the Environment, Singapore, November
1999
- Nature Conservancy planning workshop, Monterey, California, December 1999
- Sable Offshore Energy Program workshop, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, March 2000
- American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) conference, special session on
biomonitoring, April 2000
- Fisheries & Oceans Canada/Ministry of Natural Resources Ontario Workshop on
environmental monitoring of fish habitat, March 2001
- U.S. National Science Foundation sponsored Conference on Environmental Statistics,
Seattle, Washington, June 2001
- Asia-Pacific Conference on Marine Science and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, May 2002
- Invited participant in British Columbia provincial workshop "Biomonitoring: A
Decision Support Tool for Resource Management", Vancouver BC, May 2003
- Keynote speaker at workshop on Offshore Oil & Gas Environmental Effects Monitoring
sponsored by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Program for Energy Research and
Development, and the Atlantic Canada Petroleum Institute, Halifax, May 2003
- Invited participant in US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
workshop to develop an R&D strategy for oil spills, Durham NH, November 2003.
- Attending 24th annual meeting of Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
as representative of Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council, Austin
TX, November 2003
Workshops I organized, and other external teaching and academic duties (since 1998):
- Half-day workshop on design and statistical analysis of ecological data from a
barrier island, University of North Carolina Institute of Marine Sciences,
Morehead City NC, March 1998
- Workshop on Design and Statistical Approaches to Applied Studies with Emphasis on
Multivariate Methods, Singapore Institute of Biology and Department of Biological
Sciences National University of Singapore, Singapore, March 1999
- Workshop on Environmental Study Design and Statistics (participants mostly government
scientists), Vancouver, BC, April 2001
- Workshop on multivariate analysis in environmental studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
January 2002
- International workshop on environmental study design and analysis, University Science
Malaysia, April 2002
- Working with environmental studies M.Sc. students on their research plans and study
designs, Trent University, Peterborough Ontario, October 2002
- One day workshop on design and statistical analysis of ecological data, University of
North Carolina Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City NC, September 2003
Graduate and postdoctoral students supervised:
- Masters students: 15 completed
- Ph.D. students: 8 completed
- Postdoctoral students: 3 completed
Research grants & contracts since 1998:
- Research grants from Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council of Canada,
for studies on freshwater and marine benthic communities, to 2003
- Co-principal investigator on research grant from Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee
Council, on "Development of a strategy for monitoring Exxon Valdez oil and other
contamination in Prince William Sound", for 2004
Consulting services provided (since 1998):
- Natural Resources Canada (CANMET) - advising on sampling design and statistical
analysis in the Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation Program re. monitoring
environmental impacts of mine effluents (1996-99)
- Martec Ltd. - advised re. design of, assisted with statistical analysis &
interpretation for, and helped prepare reports on environmental effects monitoring
re. inshore portion of underwater gas pipeline from the Sable offshore field to the
Nova Scotia shore (1998- )
- Jacques Whitford Ltd. (Nova Scotia) - advised re. design of, assisted with
statistical analysis & interpretation for, and helped prepare reports on
offshore field environmental monitoring design for Sable Offshore Energy Program
(1998- )
- Department of Land, Water and Environmental Conservation, State of New South Wales,
Australia - advising on design of long-term monitoring program for large inland
rivers (1998)
- LGL Ltd/U.S. Minerals Management Service - advising on design and analysis for study
on feeding by bowhead whales on the Alaska north slope adjacent to the Beaufort Sea
(1998- )
- RL&L Environmental Services, Castlegar, British Columbia - analysis and modeling
of temperature data for an impoundment on the Columbia River in British Columbia
(1999-2000)
- Regional Centre for Forest Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - reviewing documents
and advising on design aspects of managing SE Asian forests to maintain biodiversity,
and periodic reviewing and advising re. environmental concerns & forest management
practice (1999- )
- University of Guelph, Ontario Hydro, and Chippewa First Nation - member of Advisory
Committee for project on "Whitefish Interactions with Nuclear Generating Stations"
(2000- )
- Ontario Ministry of Environment, reviewer of research document on mine-waste
contamination in Moira River (2000)
- Assisted with statistical analysis of Ph.D. research data on Malayan monitor lizards
at Sungei Buloh Nature Park, Singapore (2000-01)
- International Council for Science, member of UN scientific panel assessing impact of
uranium mining near Kakadu National Park, Australia - a World Heritage Site (2000)
- Alberta Ministry of Environment, Terrestrial Environmental Effects Monitoring program,
re. statistical issues related to compositing of samples prior to chemical analysis
(2000-2001)
- Member Scientific Advisory Committee of Prince William Sound Regional Citizens
Advisory Council, March 2003 -
- Member of advisory committee re. environmental effects monitoring design for White
Rose offshore oil & gas development, for Husky Energy, June-October 2003
- Consultant re. study design and analysis on two research grants from Exxon Valdez
Oil Spill Trustee Council on nutrient and energy coupling of nearshore coastal
waters with coastal drainages in Alaska, for 2004
December 2003